Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/34

24 catalogue of which is given in his work Dc Propriis Liln'is, one only has come down to us, the treatise on Fallacies in (ll-Cfl-Olle (rcpi. 'riiw Kurd. Tip' hefty oo¢top<irwv). Many points of logical theory, however, are discussed in his medical and scientiﬁc writings. Ilis name is perhaps best known in the history of legic in connexion with the fourth syllogistie ﬁgure, the first distinct statement of which was ascribed to him by Averroes. There is no evidence from Galen’s own works that he did make this addition to the doctrines of syllogism, and the remarkable passage quoted by M. Minas from a Greek commentator on the Analytics, referring the fourth ﬁgure to Galen, clearly shows that the addition did not, as generally supposed, rest on a new principle, but was merely an ampliﬁcation or alteration of the indirect moods of the ﬁrst ﬁgure already noted by Theophrastus and the earlier l’eripatetics. In 184-1 M. Minoides Minas published a work, avowedly from a MS. with the superscription Galenus, entitled Palm/017 Eio’aywyi) AiaAeK'nK'ri. Of this work, which con- tains no direct intimation of a fourth ﬁgure, and which in general exhibits an astonishing mixture of the Aristotelian and Stoic logic, Prantl speaks with the bitterest contempt. He shows demonstrativer that it cannot be regarded as a writing of Galen’s, and ascribes it to some one or other of the later Greek logicians. A full summary of its contents will be found in the lst vol. of the Gcsc/zir/zte (ler Logik (591—610), and a notice of the logical theories of the true Galen in the same work, pp. 559—577.

1em {{11fine|Further details as to the life and an account of the anatomical knowledge of Galen will be found in the {{abbr|art|article}}. {{9link|Anatomy|sc=a}}, {{9link|Volume I|{{abbr|vol|volume}}.{{nbsp}}i.}} {{9link|Anatomy#802|{{abbr|pp|pages}}.{{nbsp}}802}}–{{9link|Anatomy#804|804}}. See also René Chartier’s Life, in his edition of Galen’s works; N. F. J. Eloy, Dictionnairc IIistoriquc do In Jlédccinz', s. r. “ Galien,” tom. i., 1778 ; F. Adams’s “ Commentary" in his .llalical "'orks of I’aulus -L'gim'ta, London and Aberdeen, 1834; J. Kidd, “ A Cursory Analysis of the “'orks of Galen, so far as they relate to Anatomy and Physiology,” Trans. Provincial Mal. and Surg. Assoc, vi., 1837, pp. 299—336; C. V. Darembcrg, Exposition dcs C'onnaissanccs de Galicn sur l'xlnatomir, la Physiologic, cl la Pathologic (In Systems Nervous: (Th‘eso pour le Doctor-at cn Médeeine), Paris, 1841 ; and J. 1}. Gasquet, “ The Practical Medicine of Galen and his Time," The British and Foreign Medica-C'hirurgical Run, vol. xi., 1867, pp. 472—488.}|undefined}  GALENA, a of the, the capital of Jo Daviess county,, is situated on the Fever or Galena river, 6 above its junction with the Mississippi, and on the northern division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 180  W.N.W. of . The city winds around the base of rocky limestone bluffs, which spring rather abruptly from the river on both sides, and the streets rise above one another, and are connected by flights of steps. It is the commercial depôt of an extensive and fertile district, but owes its prosperity chiefly to the species of lead from which it takes its name, and the mines of which surround it in all directions, underlying, more or less densely, an area of over 1,500,000 acres. In these mines copper is also found in combination with the galena. In the earlier years the produce of the mines found its way by water to St Louis, but in 1829 the first load, 3000 lb, was conveyed overland to. In 1816 the yield reached its highest point of 50,000,000 lb; in 1852 it was 40,000,000; and in 1877 only 3,300,000. This diminution is due to the absence of the expensive appliances necessary for deep mining. Meanwhile zinc ore has been discovered, of which 12,000,000 lb were mined in 1877. The lumber produce is also considerable, averaging 7,000,000 feet annually. The principal buildings are the German-English normal school, the high school, and the building in which are included the custom-house and post-oﬂice. Galena has an iron—foundry, ﬂour-mills, woollen mills, saw and planing mills, besides furnaces and manufactories for lead, zinc, copper, and furniture. Mining commenced in 1820, and in 1822 the began to grant leases of the mineral lands. The first street was laid out in 1826 ; village government was legalised in 1837, and a charter granted in 1839. Population in 1850, 6004; in 1860, 8196; and in 1870, 7019, of whom 2473 were foreigners.  GALESBURG, a of the, the capital of Knox county,, is situated at the junction of the Burlington and Peoria branches of the , Burlington, and Quincy Railroad, 163 W.S.W. of , and is the centre of a farming district of great fertility. It has several extensive manufactories of agricultural implements, besides carriages and waggons, and also contains the machine-shops and car-works of the railroad company. It is the seat of two colleges, Knox College (Congregational), founded in 1841, and Lombard University (Universalist), founded in 1852, to both of which female students are admitted. Population in 1860, 4953; and in 1870, 10,158, of whom 3136 were foreigners.  GALIANI, (1723–1787), one of the most celebrated, if not one of the soundest, political economists: of Italy, was born at Chicti on the 2d of December 1728. For his early education and opportunities of advancement in life he was less indebted to his parents than to his uncle, Monsignor Celestino Galiani. By his care, and at his expense, G aliani received the best education which Naples and Rome could then furnish, becoming qualiﬁed for an ecclesiastical career at a time when a clever abbe might hope to ﬁll with proﬁt and reputation important oﬂices in the state as well as in the church. Galiani gave early promise of distinction as an economist, and even more as a wit. At the age of twenty-two he had produced two works by which his name became widely known far beyond the bounds of his own Naples. His taste for economic studies had been developed in the society of such men as Genovesi and Intieri, and prompted the composition of his Tratlnlo (lolla! illonem, in which many aspects of the question of exchange are set forth, always with a special reference to the state of confusion then presented by the whole monetary system of the Neapolitan Government. Galiani’s fame as a humorist dated from the appearance of the Ilaccolla in J/ortc ((61 Built, a work as popular in Italian literary circles during the last century as the It’ry'ectecl Addresses and lion Ganltier Ballads have been in our own. In this volmne Galiani parodied with exquisite felicity, in a series of discourses on the death of the public hangman, the style of the most ponqions and pedantic Neapolitan writers of the day. Galiani’s political knowledge and social qualities now pointed him out to the discriminating eye of Charles 111., and his liberal minister Tanucci, as One eminently ﬁtted to serve the Government as a diplomatist in France. He was therefore attached in the character of secretary to the Neapolitan embassy at Paris. Thither he repaired in 1759, at a time when a change in the relations between the courts of Paris and Vienna was about to exercise an inﬂuence on the course of the Seven Years’ War, when the different Bourbon courts were engaged in a common action against the Jesuits, and when economic science held a foremost place in the speculations of the most eminent French writers. Galiani is chieﬂy remembered by posterity by the part which he took in these economic dis- cussions. His Dialogues sur les blés, though published after his return to Naples, produced on its appearance a great