Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/153

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{{11fine|{{nowrap|Literature.—}}See M. A. Levy, Sicgcl uml Gemmen, with three plates of gems having Phoenician, Aramaic, and old Hebrew inscriptions, Breslau, 1869 ; and, on the same subject, De Vogue, in the Itcvuc Archéologz'guc, 1868 (xvii. ), p. 432, pl. 14—16; De Saulcy, in the Itcv. Arc/1., 1869 (xx.), p. 101, “ iccherches sur le costume chez les J uifs;” Victor Ancessi, L’E‘gypte ct Noise, Paris, 1875, giving on plate 7 a fanciful restoration of an Egyptian breastplate ; Soldi, in the 1201:. Arch.., 1874 (xxviii.), p. 147, on Babylonian cylinders; Count Gobincau, in the 12011. Arch, 1874 (xxvii.), p. 111 and p. 179, on early Oriental gem engraving. Pr. Lenormant, in the Ilcr. Arch. 1874 (xxviii.), pl. 12, gives five examples of early lentoid gems, and seven more gems of the same class are given by A. S. Murray in the Rev. Arch., 1878, pl. 20. On Greek and Roman gems the principal authorities are Kohler, Gcsammcltc Schrzflcn, iii. and v., and Stephani, in his notes to these volumes, and in the Compto- rcndu dc la. Comrm'ssz’on Impariale dc St Pclcrsbourg, 1870—1, p. 215 and pp. 221-224. Opposed to them is Brunn, in his Gcsclu'chtc dcr Gricchischcn Kilmtlcr (1859), ii. p. 443, where a full discussion of Greek and Roman gems will be found. See also Krause, Pyrgotclcs, llallc, 1856, and Bollcttino dcll’ Inst. I.’0m., 1831, p. 105; 1834, p. 116; and 1839, p. 99. In England the autho- rity is C. \V. King, Antique Ucms, 2d edit., London, 1806; Handbook of Engraved acme, 1866 ; Prccious Stones, 1865 ; Gnostic Gems, 1864; and appendix on ancient gems in Cesnola’s Cyprus, which gives 11 plates of gems. Of special interest as regards the stones used by ancients, and valuable as a criticism of a single collection, is Prof. Maskelyne’s Catalogch of the Marl- borough Collection, privately printed in 1870. This collection is now the property of Mr llromielow. On Abraan gems see Barzilai, Gil Abraxi, Trieste, 1873, and Matter, IIz'stoz'v-c du Gnosticisme. An indispensable book of reference is Ilaspe’s Catalogue of Tassic’s large series 0} Sulphur Casts. Among catalogues of public collec- tions are Tolken's Vcrzcz'chniss (l. prcuss. Gcmmcn, 1835; Chabouillet’s Catalogue dcs Came'cs ct Picrrcs Grcwécs de la Bibliothéq-uc I mpcrialc, Paris, 1856; and J ansson’s A'cdcrlandsch-I—lom. Daklyliotlwek, Ley- den, 1844. Older works are generally of small critical value, but the following may be mentioned 2—Winekelmann, Description dos Plcrrcs Gravécs du Fcu Baron dc Stosch, Florence, 1760 ; Visconti, Opera Varte, ii. p. 115—386; Mariette, Traité dcs Pz'crrcs Gra-récs; Millin, Picrrcs Gravécs, and Introduction to l'Etudc dos Pz'crres G’rare’cs, Paris, 1796.}|undefined}  

GEMSBOK (Orgx gazella, Gray), a species of antelope, abounding on the dry yet fertile plains of South Africa, where it feeds on the bulbs of water-root and other kinds of succulent vegetation, by means of which the antelopes of those regions are able to subsist without water for months together. It is a large and powerful. animal, measuring about 5 feet in length and over 3 feet 1n height at the shoulders. Its horns, situated on the same plane with its forehead, exceed 2 feet in length, are. almost straight, and are obscurer ringed throughout their lower