Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 10.djvu/12

2 the Saxon duchies on the commission for drafting an im- perial constitution for Germany. In November of the same year he became president of the Altenburg ministry, but he resigned office in the following August. From 1851 to 1868 he was president of the second chamber of the duchy of Altenburg; but in the latter year he withdrew entirely from public life, that he might give undivided attention to his learned researches. He died on his estate of Lemnitz, in Saxe-Weimar, on the 3d of September 1874. In the course of his life he is said to have learned no fewer than eighty languages, thirty of which he spoke with fluency and elegance. But he was less remarkable for his power of acquisition than for the higher talent which enabled him to turn his knowledge to the genuine advancement of linguistic science. Immediately after quitting the university, he followed up his Chinese researches by a study of the Finno-Tatarie languages, which resulted in the pub- lication of his Elémeus de [a Grummm're JIanch/zoue in 183:2. In 1837 he became one of the promoters, and a joint-editor, of the Z'I'Isc/n-{ft fiir die Ir'mulc des JIM-gen- lvuuies, and through this medium he gave to the world his l'ersurh einer nun'dm'm'sc/ten Grunmmh'k and other valuable contributions. His G'rumln'ige der syijdm'sc/ten Grammati/c appeared in 1841. In conjunction with his old school friend, Julius Labe, the Germanist, he brought out a com- plete edition, with translation, glossary, and grammar, of Ulﬁlas’s Gothic version of the Bible (Leipsie, 1843—46); and from 1847 he began to contribute to the Zeitsc/u-{ft (Ier (leafs/rite]: morgcnl/imlisrhm Gesellsclmft the fruits of his researches into the languages of the Suahilis, the Samoyeds, the Hazaras, the Aimaks, the Formosans, and other widely- separated tribes. The Bez'trr‘ige zm' Sm'ac/Lenlczuule (Lei psie, 1852) contain Dyak, Dakota, and Kiriri grammars; to these were added in 1857 a Grammatik u. ll'c'irterb’uc/L der Ir'assiasprac/ae, and in 1860 a treatise in universal gram- mar (Ueber das I’assivum). In 1864 be edited the Manchou translations of the Chinese Sse—shu, Shu-king, and Shi-king, along with a dictionary; and in 1873 he completed the work which constitutes his most important contribution to philology, Die melcmesz'sc/zen Spraclzen mach 272er grammatisc/Lm Brut and ﬁner l'erwandsc/zaft water 312‘]; and mit den malaiz'schjwlynesisrhen Sprac/zen matersacht (Leipsic, 1860-73). It treats of the language of the Fiji Islands, New Hebrides, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia, &c., and shows their radical afﬁnity with the Polynesian class. He also contributed most of the linguistic articles in Pierer’s Conversations-Lexicon.  GABII, an old, and at one time important, of Latium, on the Via Prwnestina, or road to Przeneste, between 12 and 13 E. of Rome. Long before the foundation of Rome, Gabii appears to have been one of the largest of the Latin cities ; and, according to an old tradition noticed by Dionysius and Plutarch, Romulus and Remus were educated there. During the greater part of the regal period of Rome Gabii maintained its ground, and it only fell into the hands of Tarquin the Proud through a stratagem contrived by his son Sextus, who was afterwards slain by the inhabitants, when, on the expulsion of his family from Rome, he sought refuge in the. After this period Gabii always appears in history as the ally or dependent of its more powerful neighbour, and it gradually fell into such a state of decay as to become a proverb of desolation—Gabiis desertior. The fame of its cold sulphurous waters gave new life to the place in the reign of Tiberius; and the emperor Hadrian, one of whose favourite residences was not far distant, at Tivoli, appears to have been a very liberal patron, building a town-house (Cm-in zElizL Augusta) and an aqueduct. . After the Gabii practically disappears from history, though its “ bishops ” continue to be mentioned in ecclesiastical documents till the. The principal relic of the ancient city is a ruined temple (probably of Juno) on a hill now crowned by the ruins of the medimval fortress of Castiglione. It is a hexastyle structure of uncertain date, uniting the characteristics of Greek and Italian architecture ; but the fragments of the pillars are not sufficient to show whether it belonged to the Ionic or the Corinthian order. Its length is about 48 English feet. Since 1792, when explorations were commenced by the Prince Borghese, a large number of minor antiquities have been discovered at Gabii, and the sites of the forum and a theatre have been ascertained. The statues and busts are especially numerous and interesting; besides the deities Venus, Diana, Nemesis, &c., they eoniprise Marcus Agrippa, Tiberius, Gerinanieus, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Trajan and Plotina, Hadrian and Sabina, Aurelius An- toninus, L. Septiniius Severus, Septimius Geta, Gor- dianus Pius, «be. The inscriptions relate main-1y to local and municipal matters. In the neighbourhood of Gabii were valuable and extensive quarries of an excellent build- ing stone, known as the lapis Gabz'uus, which was largely used by the Romans. It was a hard and compact variety of volcanic tufa, and closely resembled the [(qu's .llbumts, to which, however, it was superior. The name of cinctus Gabz'mzs was given by the Romans to a peculiar method of girding the toga, with one end thrown over the head and the other fastened round the waist, which was employed by the founder of a new town, or by the consul when he declared war in the name of the Roman people, or devoted himself to death for his country.

1em  GABLER, (1786–1853), a German philosophical writer of the school of Hegel, was born at Altdorf, in Bavaria, where his father was professor, on the 30th of July 1786. In 1804, when his father was trans- lated to Jena, be accompanied him to that university, where he completed his studies in philosophy and law, and became one of the most enthusiastic of the hearers and disciples of Hegel. After holding successive educational appointments at \Veimar, Nuremberg, and Ansbaeh, he, in 1817, became one of the masters in the gymnasium at Baireuth. In 1821 he was appointed rector, and in 1830 general superintend- ent of schools. In 1827 he brought out the ﬁrst volume of a Lt’ILTbﬂC/L der plailosop/u'sc/Len I’ropc'ideutﬂ:_als 15in! eitzm g 220‘ Wissensclu'tﬂ, in which his design was to give a popular exposition of the Hegelian philosophy, which he himself regarded as ﬁtted to give “absolute satisfaction to the faculties of thinking and knowing.” In 1835 he succeeded Hegel in the Berlin chair. His other works were a treatise Dc verce p/u'losop/u'ce crga religionem Christianam pictutc (1836), and Die IIcgel’sc/te I’ltilosop/zie, a defence of the Hegelian philosophy against Trendelenburg, which was published in 1843. He died at Teplitz, September 13, 1853.  GABLER, (1753–1826), a learned Protestant theologian of the school of Griesbaeh and Eich- horn, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, June 4, 1753. He had already acquired an extensive aequaintanee with the ancient languages and their literatures, as well as with the philosophy of Wolf and the theology of Baumgarten, when, in his nineteenth year, he entered the university of Jena as a divinity student. In 1776 he was on the point of abandoning theological pursuits, when the arrival of Griesbaeh inspired him with new ardour. After having