Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 1.djvu/815

Rh AMPHIBIA 771 4 Menopomida. Skull broad; premaxillre and dcntarics dentigerous ; maxilla large ; premaxilloe not anky- losed. ; large nasal bones ; palatines absent ; pterygoid present and very broad ; a basihyal cartilage ; per sistent branchial arches may be reduced to the first and second; the cerato-hyal and epibranchial are confluent in the first, distinct in the second bran chial arch ; both pectoral and pelvic limbs well de veloped. Mcnopoma, Cryptobranclius. G. Branchiffi caducous, and gill-clefts closed in the adult condi tion. (Myetodera.) 6. Salamandrida. Skull broad ; premaxillae and dentaries dentigerous; maxillae large; premaxillse separate or ankylosed ; nasal bones present, and usually large ; palatines present in the young state, and situated as in the Trachystomata antiProteidea, but changing their relations in the adult; pterygoids present; the first and second branchial arches persistent, the first two- jointed, the second a single piece. [The latest writer on the classification of the Urodela, Professor Strauch (&quot;Revision der Salamandrinen-gattungen,&quot; Mem. de I Acad. Imp. dcs Sciences de St Petersbourg, se. vii. tome xvi. ), divides the Salamandrida into two tribes, Mecodonta and Lechriodonta ; the first comprising all those species, the vomero-palatine teeth of which are disposed along the inner edges of two backwardly diverging pro cesses of the bones, and therefore form two longitudinal series divergent posteriorly ; and the second, those which have the teeth disposed along the posterior edges of the vomero-palatine bones, which are sometimes truncated posteriorly, sometimes produced into a longer or shorter median process, and on which, therefore, the teeth are either directed transversely, or form two oblique series, more or less rapidly converging backwards.] a. Mecodonta Sedaanandra, Pleurodelcs, Bradybatcs, Triton, Ohioglossa, Salamandrina, ft. Lechriodonta Ellipsoglossa, IsodactyUum, Onychodactylus, Am- blystoma, Ranodon, Dicamptodon, Plethodon, Dcsmognathus, Anaides, Hemidactylium, Heredia, Spclcrpes, Batrachoscps, II. THE ANURA. [For the classification of the Anura., consult Dr Giinther s valu able Catalogue of the Batrachia saliontia ; Mr Cope s papers in the Natural History Review, 1865, and in the Journal of the, Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, N.S., vol. vi. ; and Mr Mivart s essay &quot;On the Classification of the Anurous Batrachians,&quot; in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1869. Far more minute in vestigation of the structure of the Anura than has yet been carried out seems to be requisite before their classification can be placed upon more than a provisional footing. The phases through which the Frog passes in the course of its development, show that those Anura which are devoid of a tympanic cavity are of a more em bryonic character than those which possess one. The arboreal habit is so evidently adaptive, that it can hardly be regarded as a safe basis for classification. Even Rana ttmporaria, at a year old, will climb up the vertical side of a glass vessel, ilattening out the ends of its toes, and applying its belly against the surface of the glass, like a Tree-frog. ] A. The tympanic cavity, with its Eustachian passage of com munication with the mouth, may be present or absent. When present, the oral apertures of the Eustachian tubes are separate, and the pterygoid bones do not furnish a floor to them. c. No teeth in the premaxillae or maxillae ; tongue free, either in front or behind, but usually be hind. a. No tympanic cavity. Eustachian recesses sometimes present. Rhinophrynusil), Phryniscus, PseudopJiryne, Brachycez&amp;gt;halus (2), Hcmisus (3), Micro- hyla. &. A tympanic cavity and Eustachian tubes. Hylaplesia, Kalophrynus, Bufo, Otilophus, Peltaphryne, Pseudobufo, Schismaderma, Xenorhina (4), Engystoma (4), Diplo- pdmct (4), Cacopus (Systoma) (4), Gly- phoglossus (4), Callula (4), Brachy- merus (4), Adenmnera (4), Pachyba- trachus (I*), Brcviceps, Chclydobatrachus, Hypopachus, Rhinodcrma, Atelopus, Oopea, Paludicola.
 * a) Torifc-ue free In front, (2) Dorsal dermal ossigcutions. (3) Tongue retrac

tile. (4) No prs:coracoiJ3. 1. Teeth in the premaxillre and maxilLce ; the tongue may be fixed by its whole circumference, but ia usually free behind. a. No tympanic cavity ; Eustachian recesses sometimes present. Bomlinator(l), Pelobatss, Didocus, Alsodes, Tclmatobius, Cacotus, Liopclma. &. A tympanic cavity and Eustachian tubes. Plectromantis, Alytes(l], Scaphiopus, Hy- perolius, Helioporus, Naitereria, Phyl- lomcdusa, Pelodryas, Chirodryas, Hyla, Hyldla, Oiolygon, Pseudacris, Pohlia, Lttoria, Triprion, Opisthodelphys, Trachyccphalus, Nototrema, Ixalus, Mcgalixalus, Hylarana, Lcptomantis, Hylamlates, Platymantis, Cornufer, Hcmimantis, Rhacophorus, Chiromantis, Polnpedates, Thelodcrma, Rappia, Acris, I.eiyla, Elosia, Epirhexis, Phyllolates, Hylodes, Crossodadylus, Strabomantis, Calostcthus, Rana, Odontophrynus, Dicrojlossus, Oxyglossus, Phrynoba- traclius, Hoplobatrachus, Phrynoglossus, Clinotarsus, Pseudis, Pitheco2Jsis, M ixo- 2?hyes, Pyxicephalus, Ceratophrys (2), Zachosnus, Platypledrum, Neobatrachus, Cydorhatnphus, Limnodynastes, Crinia, Eusophleus, Plcurodema, Leiuperus, Hylorhina, Limnoeharis, Cystignathus, Hemiphractus(2&amp;gt;), Chiroleptes, Calypto- ccphalus, Cryptotis(i Asterophrys (4), _Xeno2jhrys, AIegalophrys, Nanno- plirys, Pelodytes, Lcptobrachium, Dis~ conlossus (1), Za2jhrissa(l), LatcniaQ), Palceobatrachus, Arthroleptis, Grvpis- cus (3). (1) Opisthocoelian verteoroc ; rudimentary ribs attached to the anterior vertebrae. (2) Dorsal dermal ossifications, (3) ilandibular teeth. (4) Opisthoccclian vertebras. B. The Eustachian tubes of the well-developed tympanic cavity have a common median aperture in the roof of the mouth, and the pterygoid bones extend beneath and form a floor to them. The tongue is wanting. The lungs are attached to bronchial tubes ; and the vertebrca are opistho- ccelous. a. No teeth. Pipa. ^ b. Teeth in the premaxillce and maxilla. Dactylethra. III. THE PEROMELA. a. With a tentaculiferous fossa on the fore part of tha face. Ccecilia, Siphonops (1), Epicrium. 6. With no tentaculiferous fossa. Rhinatrema. (1) Siphonops annulatus has no scales IV. THE LABYRINTIIODONTA. Amphibamus, Anthracosaurus,* Apateon, Archcgosaurus,-^ Baphctes* Batrachider- pcton, Botliriceps, Brachydoctes, Brachy~ ops,* Capitosaurus,* Chalcosaurus,* Cocytinus, Colosteus,^ Dasyceps,* Den- drcrpeton,* Dictyocephalus, Dolichosoma, Erpetoccphalus, * Eupelor, * Eurythorax, * Gonioglypius* Hylerpeton, Ifylonomus, Ichthyerpeton* Ichthyocampsa, Kcrater pcton,* Labyrinthodon,* Lepidotosaurus, Lcpterpdon* Leptoplvradus, Loxomma* Mastodonsaurus,* Melosaurus,* MetO pias,* Micropholis,* Molgophis, (Esto- ccphalus (?) t Ophiderpeton,^ Osteo~ &amp;gt;horus* Pachygonia,* Pariostegus,Pholi- dcrpeton,* Phlegethontior,^ Pteroplax, Ptyonius, Raniceps,^ Rhinosaurus, Sauropleura,* Trcmatosaurus,^ Tudi- tanus,^ Uromrdylus, Xcstorrhytias,* Zygosaurus. * [A satisfactory grouping of these genera has not yet been effected ; and it is possible that some of the forms here enumerated may not be true Labyrinthodonts. To those about the truly Labyrinthodont character of which there seems no doubt a * or a t is attached the t denoting the serpentiform genera. Batrachiderpelon, Pario- xlcgus, and Pteroplax are remarkable for the incompleteness of tho jugal arch, and some other characters by which they appear to represent the Proteidca. The true position of Hylerpeion and Hylonomus is still doubtful.] (T. H. H.)