Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 1.djvu/513

Rh A L D - A L D 475 English. Aldini was one of the founders of the National Institute of Italy, and among his scientific honours he counted the gold medal of the Koyal Society of London, and the prize of the Institute of France. In recognition of his merits, the emperor of Austria made him a knight of the Iron Crown and a councillor of state at Milan, where he died on the 17th January 1834. He left by will a considerable sum to found a school of natural science for artisans at Bologna. ALDRED, EALDRED, or ALRED, a prominent eccle siastic in the llth century, was successively abbot of Tavistock, bishop of Worcester, and archbishop of York. He was promoted to the see of Worcester in 1046, and in 1050 was sent on a special mission to Rome by Edward the Confessor. In 1054 he went as ambassador to the court of the Emperor Henry III. with the object of nego tiating for the return of Edward the ^Etheling from Hungary, and remained a year at Cologne. In 1058 he undertook and accomplished a journey to Jerusalem, a pilgrimage which no English bishop had ventured on before. He was appointed archbishop of York in 1060, and proceeded to Rome to obtain the pallium; but the pope at first refused to confirm the appointment. At length, however, Aldred was duly invested with the robe of office on condition of his resigning his former see, which he had continued to hold till that time. On the death of Edward (1066) Aldred sided with Harold, and officiated at his coronation; but after the battle of Hastings he made submission to William, and poured the sacred oil on the head of the Conqueror ere the year was completed in which he had crowned Harold. There are several traditions, which may be regarded as having some foundation in fact, that repre sent Aldred as administering rebuke to William in the interests of his countrymen or in defence of his church s rights. At the same time, he remained faithful to William, and when the English rose in the north against the Nor mans, he counselled submission. He died at York, Sept. 11, 1069, of grief, it is said, because of the threatened attack on his city by the combined forces of the English and Danes. ALDRICH, Dr HEXBY, theologian and philosopher, was born in 1647 at Westminster, and was educated at the collegiate school there, under Dr Busby. In 1662 he entered Christ Church College, Oxford, with which he con tinued to be intimately connected during his whole life. He took so conspicuous a part in the controversy with the Roman Catholics during the reign of James II., that at the Revolution the deanery of Christ Church was conferred upon him, Massey, the popish dean, having fled to the con tinent. In 1702 he was appointed rector of Wem in Shrop shire, but continued to reside at Oxford, where he died on the 1 4th Dec. 1710. He was buried in the cathedral without any memorial, at his own desire. Aldrich was a man of unusually varied gifts. He is best known as the author of a Compendium Artis Logicce, a work of almost no value in itself, but historically important as being for upwards of a century the manual in exclusive use at Oxford. His claims to distinction as a musician and an architect, though not so widely recognised, are much better founded than his repu tation as a logician. He composed a number of anthems and church services of very considerable merit, which are still frequently sung in cathedrals. He also adapted much of the music of Palestrina and Carissimi to English words with great skill and judgment. The catch &quot; Hark, the bonny Christ Church bells&quot; is one of his most admired compositions in the lighter style. Aldrich wrote a treatise on architecture; and practical evidence of his skill in the art may be seen in the church and campanile of All Saints, Oxford, and in three sides of the so-called Peckwater Quadrangle of Christ Church College, which were erected after his designs. In classical scholarship Dr Aldrich had some reputation. The Musae Anglicance contains two specimens of his Latin verse, the subjects being the accession of King William and the death of the Duke of Gloucester. A humorous Latin version by Aldrich of the popular ballad &quot;A soldier and a sailor, A tinker and a tailor, &quot; &c. , has been preserved by Sir John Hawkins. Another specimen of his wit is furnished by the following epigram, entitled &quot;Causae Bibendi,&quot; which some, however, have ascribed to Pere Sirmond : Si Icne quid nicmini, Causce sunt quinque lilcndi; Hospitis Advcntus, prccsens Sitis, atque futura, Aut Vini Bonitas, aut qucelibet alter a Causa. The translation runs If on my theme I rightly think, There are five reasons why men drink : Good wine ; a friend ; because I m dry; Or lest I should be by and by ; Or any other reason why. ALDROVANDI, ULISSE, a celebrated naturalist, born of noble parentage at Bologna on the llth Sept. 1522 (died 1607). While a boy he was page in the family of a rich bishop, and afterwards apprentice to a merchant in Brescia. Commercial pursuits soon became distasteful to him, and he turned his attention to law and medicine, studying first in his native town and afterwards at Padua. In 1550, having been accused of heresy, he was compelled to proceed to Rome in order to vindicate himself before the Inquisition, which gave him a conditional acquittal. In Rome he published his first work, a treatise on ancient statuary. Here he made the acquaintance of the eminent naturalist Rondelet, from whom it seems not unlikely that he derived the impulse towards what became from that time his exclusive study. On his return to Bologna he devoted himself specially to botany, under the teaching of Lucas Ghino, then professor of that science at the univer sity. In 1553 he took his doctor s degree in medicine, and in the following year he was appointed professor of philosophy and also lecturer on botany at the university. In 1560 he was transferred to the chair of natural history, which he continued to occupy until rendered infirm by age. At his instance the senate of Bologna established in 1568 a botanical garden, of which he was appointed the first director. He was also instrumental in founding the still existing public museum of Bologna, which contains, especially in the natural history department, a large number of speci mens collected by Aldrovandi. To procure these it is be lieved that he visited personally most of the countries of Europe, though the details of his journeys have not been preserved. Some idea of the extent of his labours may be gathered from the fact that his herbarium occupied sixty large folio volumes. To the other offices held by Aldro vandi was added that of inspector of drugs, in which capacity he published in 1574 a work entitled Antidotarii Bononiensis Epitome, deserving of notice as furnishing the model according to which nearly all subsequent pharma- copreias have been compiled. The results of Aldrovandi s various researches were embodied in his magnum opus, which was designed on the most complete scale, so as to include everything that was known about natural history. The first three volumes, comprising his ornithology, were published in 1599. Three more, treating of insects and mollusca, appeared during the author s lifetime. The seven volumes which completed the work vere compiled from Aldrovandi s manuscript materials, under the editorship of several of his pupils, to whom the task was entrusted by the senate of Bologna. The work was enriched by a large number of pictorial illustrations, prepared at great expense, the author having, it is said, employed several celebrated artists for thirty years. Among these were Lorenzo Benini of Florence and Christopher Coriolanus of Nuremberg. It has been said, indeed, that the cost of the undertaking was so great as to exhaust its author s means, and that he died penniless and blind in the public hospital of Bologna. This, however, is probably incorrect, at least as regards the allegation of poverty. Published records of the senate- of Bologna show that it liberally supported Aldrovandi in his under taking, doubling his salary soon after his appointment as professoc,