Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 1.djvu/150

Rh 134 A D A A D A fertile. The trade in native merchandise is said to be as great as that of Abomey, the capital of Dahomey; and there is also a considerable traffic in slaves. Population, about 24,000. ADAL, a region in Eastern Africa, with a coast line extending, between 11 30 and 15 40 N. lat,, from the Gulf of Tajurrah to the neighbourhood of Massowah. For about 300 miles it borders on the Red Sea, the coast of which is composed of coral rock. It stretches inland to the mountain terraces, to the west of which lie the Abys sinian table-lands of Shoa and Tigre, with a breadth near Massowah of only a few miles, but widening towards the south to 200 or 300 miles. The northern portion of this region, known as the Afar country, is traversed by two routes to Abyssinia the one from Zulla near Massowah, and the other from Amphilla Bay. The former of these was selected for the British Abyssinian expedition of 1868, Annesley Bay being the place of debarkation and base of operations. There is a third route to Abyssinia through Adal, that from Tajurrah to Ankobar, the capital of Shoa, said to be preferred for trading purposes, as being less steep than the others. The liver Hawash flows through the southern district of Adal in a N.E. direction, but is lost in Lakes Abbebad and Aussa. Near this river is Aussa, the chief town of the country. Volcanic rocks occur in various parts of this district; and two mountains, 4000 feet high, are mentioned, which have sent down streams of lava on all sides to the distance of 30 miles. The country contains two great salt plains or basins, that of Asali in its northern portion, and Aussa in the south. The remarkable salt lake of Bahr Assal, near Tajurrah, is 570 feet below the level of the sea. The country as a whole is barren and uncultivated. A little barley is reared on the higher terraces, and some districts afford pasturage for domestic animals, large quantities of butter being annually sent to Massowah. In some parts of Adal the elephant is not uncommon. The salt of Asali and Aussa is a valuable article of commerce. There is no fixed government, the country being inhabited by various independent tribes, all speaking the Afar language and professing the Mahometan religion, and most of them of nomadic habits. ADALBERT, SAINT, one of the founders of Christianity in Germany, known as the Apostle of the Prussians, was born of a noble family in Slavonia, about 955 ; was educated at the monastery of Magdeburg; and, in 983, was chosen Bishop of Prague. The restraints which he tried to impose on the newly-converted Bohemians by prohibiting poly gamy, clerical incontinency, and similar sins, raised against him so strong a feeling of hatred, that he was forced, in 988, to retire to Rome, where he resided at the monasteries of Monte Basino and St Alexis. In 993 he returned to his flock, in obedience to the command of the Pope. Find ing little amendment, however, in their course of living, he soon afterwards went again to Rome, and obtained permis sion from the Pope to devote himself to missionary labours, which he carried on chiefly in North Germany and Poland. While preaching in Pomerania (997), he was thrust through the heart by a heathen priest. ADALBERT, Archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg, born of the noble Saxon family of the Counts of Wettin, was one of the most remarkable ecclesiastics of the llth century. Through the friendship of the emperor Henry III. he was elevated in 1043, when only about thirty years old, to the see of Bremen and Hamburg, which included the whole of Scandinavia, and he accompanied the monarch in his journey to Rome (1046). Here it is said that he was offered and that he refused the papal throne. The refusal certainly cannot have arisen from lack of ambition; for on his return in 1050, with a coin- mission as legate to the northern courts from Pope Leo IX., he immediately set about carrying out the emperor s wishes by establishing himself in an independent patri archate of the north. For this purpose he sought by every means to augment his already great influence, he adorned his two cathedrals, and enlarged and fortified the town of Bremen so that it might rival Rome. There was much in his favour, and he might even have succeeded in entirely separating the church of the north from the see of Rome, had it not been for the death of Henry III., and the oppo sition of Cardinal Hildebrand. Henry IV. being a minor at the time of his father s death, Adalbert was associated with Archbishop Hanno of Cologne as guardian and regent ; and during the absence of the latter on a mission to Rome, he sought, by granting every indulgence, to gain the favour of the young prince, and so to be able to exercise an absolute power in the state (1062-65). The Archbishops of Mayence and Cologne secured his banishment from court after the government had been assumed by Henry in person (1066); and about the same time his diocese was- invaded by the &quot;natural enemies of Bremen, the Saxon nobles. In 1069, however, he was recalled, and reinstated in his former position. He died at Goslar in 1072, having done much during his last years to inflame the Saxons hatred of Henry, which resulted soon afterwards in their revolt. ADA.M, o~s, an appellative noun, meaning the first man. In Genesis ii. 7, 25, iii. 8, 20, iv. 1, &c., it assumes the nature of a proper name, and has the article, the man, the only one of his kind ; yet it is appellative, correctly speaking. In Genesis i. 26, 27 } v. 2, it is simply appellative, being applied to both progenitors of the human race ; not to the first man alone as in the second, third, and fourth chapters. The etymology of the word is uncertain, but it is probably connected with a root signifying red, so that the idea is one red or ruddy. The early part of Genesis contains two accounts of man s creation. These narratives need not be examined at present farther than man s origin is concerned. In Genesis i. 26, 27, we read, &quot;And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness ; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his own image ; in the image of God created he him ; &quot;male and female created he them.&quot; At the end of the sixth day of creation man appears, the noblest of earth s inhabitants. In Genesis ii. 7, 8, we also read, &quot; And the LOUD formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life ; and man became a living soul. And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden ; and there he put the man he had formed.&quot; The woman s creation is thus narrated in subsequent verses of the same chapter 20, 21, 22, 23, &quot;And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field : but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him. And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept : and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof. And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man. And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh : she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of man.&quot; Between these accounts some discrepancy exists. The first repre sents the man and woman to have been created together, after the various creatures which the earth sustains on its surface ; the second makes Adam to have been created first, then the various animals, with the woman last of all. The creation of animals separates the origin of the man and the woman. The first narrator states that man was