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 the Empress Hsiao-i came from a family listed in the Pa-ch'i Man-chou shih-tsu t'ing-p'u (74/9a, see under ) as having been for at least there generations bond-servants in the Imperial Household. She appears to have been the favorite concubine of Emperor Kao-tsung—her residence in the summer palace, Yüan-ming Yüan, being the famous court known as T'ien-ti-i-chia ch'un 天地一家春 where Yung-yen was born.

[1/16/1a; 1/173/8a; 1/227/8b; 1/160/1b; Ch'ing Huang-shih ssŭ-p'u (see under ); Grantham, A. E. A Manchu Monarch, an Interpretation of Chia-ch'ing (1934); 清代外交史料 Ch'ing-tai wai-chiao shih-liao, Chia-ch'ing period (1932); 3/190/1a; Ellis, Henry, Journal of the Proceedings of the Late Embassy to China; Shih-liao hsün-k'an (see bibl. under ) vols. 3, 6–8, 14; Wên-hsien ts'ung-pien (see bibl. under ) vols. 10–12; Chang-ku ts'ung-pien (see under ) vol. 9; Ku-kung tien-pên shu-k'u hsien-ts'un-mu (see bibl. under ); Chü-hsüeh yüeh-k'an (The Dramatic Study Monthly) vol. 2, no. 9 (Sept. 1933) p. 90; Ch'ing lieh-ch'ao Hou-fei chuan-kao (see under ) hsia 18b.]

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