Page:Eminent Chinese Of The Ch’ing Period - Hummel - 1943 - Vol. 2.pdf/30

 was the founder of a second-class princedom with rights of perpetual inheritance.

[1/222/13b; 2/2/37/a; 3/首7/6a; 34/122/1a.]

2em

SA-pu-su. See under.

 ŠARHÛDA 沙爾虎達, 1599–1659, general, came from a Gûwalgiya clan of the Suwan 蘇完 tribe of Hurha 瑚爾哈. He and his father joined and were assigned to the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner. He served in most of the campaigns against the Ming troops and was twice sent to Heilungkiang to conquer native tribes. As a commandant of the vanguard division, he followed to Peking in 1644 and pursued  to T'ung-kuan, Shensi. After a few years of fighting in Kiangsu, Chekiang, Shantung, and Kiangsi, he was raised to deputy lieutenant-general of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner and was given the hereditary rank of baron (男) of the first class. In 1652 he was entrusted with the command of the garrison troops at Ninguta, near the ancestral home of the imperial family, and in 1653 was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general.

In that year (1653) the Russian explorer of the Amur River, Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov (d. after 1667), was recalled to Moscow and the command of his forces, numbering a few hundred, and the task of collecting tribute from the natives of that region were entrusted to Onufriĭ Stepanov. The latter descended the Amur in 1654, plundering as he went, and advanced to the Sungari region where he defeated Haise 海色 an officer who had been sent from the Ninguta garrison to check the Russian advance. Haise was executed for this disgrace. Stepanov retraced his way up the Amur and built the fort, Kumarsk (Hu-ma 呼瑪). was then sent by the Ch'ing Court to Kumarsk, but his apparently victorious attack on the fort in 1655 yielded no permanent success. In 1658 Šarhûda, with some forty-five boats and a number of firearms, intercepted Stepanov's men where they were plundering, near the junction of the Amur and the Sungari. Stepanov was killed and most of the Russian forces were either killed or captured. This battle left the Amur region clear of large bands of Russians until Fort Albazin was built in 1669 (see under ). Šarhûda died a year after the battle, at the age of sixty-one (sui) and was canonized as Hsiang-chuang 襄壯. The hereditary rank descended to his eldest son, who was appointed his successor as commander of the Ninguta garrison.

[3/267/1a; P'ing-ting Lo-ch'a fang-lüeh (see under ) 1/3a; Ravenstein, E. G., The Russians on the Amur (1861), pp. 28–32; Vladimir (Zenone Volpicelli), Russia on the Pacific and the Siberian Railway (1899), pp. 127–132.]

2em

SÊNG-ko-lin-ch'in 僧格林沁, d. May 19, 1865, popularly known as Sêng-wang 僧王, the Monggol prince who fought against the British and French forces during the years 1858–60, was a member of the Borjigit clan and the house of the Korchin princes. The Korchins were the first of the Inner Mongolians to recognize the suzerainity of the Manchus (1624), and consequently their chiefs were favored by the Ch'ing emperors throughout the dynasty. In 1650 one of the Korchin chiefs, Janggilun 彰吉倫 (d. 1664), was elevated to a princedom of the second degree (郡王) with rights of perpetual inheritance. In 1825 the ninth prince (see under ) died leaving no son; and Sêng-ko-lin-ch'in, son of the prince's cousin, was appointed his heir. As a Mongol prince, Sêng-ko-lin-ch'in enjoyed many extraordinary honors, including certain privileges due only to a prince of the blood. In 1834 he was made a chamberlain of the Imperial Bodyguard and thereafter served several terms as lieutenant-general of one or another of the Banners.

In 1853, when the Taipings took Nanking and made it their capital, a detachment of soldiers under the command of was sent to invade North China. Sêng-ko-lin-ch'in won his first military recognition by engaging the Taipings at Tu-liu-chên, twenty-four miles southwest of Tientsin. The following year he pursued the insurgents in their retreat to Lien-chên where Lin Fêng-hsiang was captured and executed, early in March 1855. Remnants of the Taipings, led by Li K'ai-fang (see under ), escaped from Lien-chên to Kao-t'ang-chou, Shantung, where later in the same year (1855) they also were annihilated by Sêng-ko-lin-ch'in's forces. Thus the northern expedition of the Taipings was a complete failure. For his exploits in this connection, Sêng-ko-lin-ch'in was first raised to a prince of the first degree 632