Page:Eminent Chinese Of The Ch’ing Period - Hummel - 1943 - Vol. 2.pdf/296

 Chinese at Chên-pei kuan 鎭北關, commonly called the North Pass, to the northeast of K'ai-yüan, but frequently joined the Chien-chou leader, Wang Kao (see under ) in raids on Liaotung. For a long time they were subservient to the Hada chieftain,, who married one of their sisters, though they continued to be mindful of their tribal duty of avenging the death of their ancestor, Cukungge, at the hands of Wan's uncle. As Wan's power declined Yangginu took a Mongol "princess" in marriage and gradually asserted the independence of Yehe from Hada control. After the death of Wan in 1582, the Yehe leaders took advantage of the rivalry among Wan's sons to increase their power. , who was then at the outset of his career, sought one of Yangginu's daughters in marriage and received the promise of the youngest when she should be old enough. This daughter was taken to Nurhaci in 1588 by Yangginu's son and she became his wife (Empress Hsiao-tz'ŭ, see under ).

In 1583 Yangginu and Cinggiyanu invaded Hada with the aid of a large force of Mongols and destroyed much of Menggebulu's territory (see under ). They went on to attack the South Pass where the Chinese markets for trade with the Hada were located. The Ming general,, who had maintained friendly relations with the Hada since the time of Wan, came to the Hada's rescue, and in 1584, by a ruse, lured the two Yehe leaders and many of their followers into the North Pass where they were murdered by the Chinese. Li Ch'êng-liang then invaded Yehe and forced the people to declare a truce with the Hada. Cinggiyanu's son, Bujai (see ), and Yangginu's son,, succeeded as beile of the Yehe tribe.

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YANGGÛRI efu 揚古利額附, d. 1637, age 66 (sui), of the Sumuru clan at Huncun, served while still a youth as a page in the control of. His father, Langju 郎柱, chieftain of a Kûrka 庫爾喀 tribe, was murdered by one of his followers; and when in 1585 this tribe came to swear allegiance to Nurhaci, Yanggûri sought out his father's murderer, killed him, and ate his ears and nose. This alleged act of a thirteen-year-old boy excited the admiration of Nurhaci, who gave him one of his daughters as wife. For this reason the epithet efu (Manchu for "son-in-law") is often attached to Yanggûri's name. Yanggûri became one of Nurhaci's most warlike generals. From 1593 to 1621 he was in the forefront at all the important battles, and on many occasions led his troops of the Plain Yellow Banner to turn defeat into victory. In the latter year Nurhaci promoted him to the command of the left wing of the army, making him inferior in rank only to the eight beile; he especially requested him to avoid exposing himself in the front lines. In 1625 Yanggúri was made a duke of the third class for successfully repulsing.

At a council of war in 1633, when was uncertain what his policy should be, Yanggûri made proposals which determined the future course of the war with China. He advocated that the attempt to conquer Korea or the Chahar Mongols, or to enter China by way of Shanhaikuan, should be postponed in favor of direct raids through weak spots in the Great Wall. One interesting feature of his proposals was the suggestion that only officers who had had smallpox be sent on these expeditions—a precaution apparently dictated by the fact that the route proposed led through the territory of Mongols who were then, as throughout the Ch'ing dynasty, considered especially dangerous carriers of the disease.

In 1634 Yanggûri was again promoted and two years later, though already sixty-four years of age, accompanied and  on an extensive invasion of China. In the following year, during a battle with Koreans near Han-ch'êng (not far from Seoul), he was killed by gunfire from the enemy. He was posthumously granted the title Wu-hsün Wang 武勳王, "Prince of Military Merit", and honored with a memorial tablet. In 1644 his name was entered in the Imperial Ancestral Temple, and in 1731 his descendants were assigned the permanent rank and title of Ch'ao-têng Ying-ch'êng Kung 超等英誠公, duke of the highest degree.

Yanggûri's second son, Tajan 塔瞻 (d. 1647), inherited the dukedom. Tajan's son, Aisingga 愛星阿 (d. 1664), became the third duke in 1647. In 1660 Aisingga was designated "General Who Pacifies the West" (定西將軍) to command the Manchu forces in Yunnan fighting the Ming loyalists. In 1661 he and advanced into Burma and later captured the Ming Prince of Kuei (see under ). Aisingga was canonized as Ching-k'ang 敬康.

One of Yanggûri's cousins, named Tantai 898