Page:Eminent Chinese Of The Ch’ing Period - Hummel - 1943 - Vol. 2.pdf/258

 are reported to have achieved a measure of distinction in poetry and painting.

[1/277/3a; 3/59/1a; 常昭合志稿 Ch'ang-Chao ho-chih kao (1884) 26/19a.]

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 WÊNG T'ung-ho 翁同龢, May 19, 1830–1904, July 3, official, calligrapher and writer, a native of Ch'ang-shu, Kiangsu, was the youngest son of the Grand Secretary,. In 1856 Wêng T'ung-ho passed first in the examination for the chin-shih degree, and was made a first class compiler of the Hanlin Academy. Two years later he was appointed assistant director of the provincial examination of Shensi, the chief director being. Late in 1865 he was appointed Hung-tê tien hsing-tsou 弘德殿行走, or tutor to Emperor Mu-tsung. His duties as tutor included the expounding of the historical work, Chih-p'ing pao-chien (see under ), to the Regent Empresses. Meanwhile he was promoted to libationer of the Imperial Academy (1868–71) and to sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat (1871–76). Early in 1875 Emperor Mu-tsung died. Later in the same year Wêng was appointed tutor to the new child Emperor Tê-tsung, with the title Yü-ch'ing-kung hsing-tsou 毓慶宮行走. He and were to instruct the Emperor in the classics and in other subjects while another tutor, Hsia T'ung-shan 夏同善, was to instruct him in calligraphy. Wêng began to teach the child Emperor in 1876 and thus started a long and intimate relationship which lasted for twenty-two years, until Wêng retired. To the young Emperor, Wêng was more than a tutor—he filled the place of an adviser, a guardian, and almost a father. He gave the Emperor books to read and urged on him the necessity for governmental reform.

During the ten years from 1876 to 1886 Wêng T'ung-ho served as a vice-president of the Board of Revenue (1876–78), president of the Censorate (1878–79), president of the Board of Punishments (1879), and president of the Board of Works (1876–1886). During the dispute with Russia over Ili, Wêng, P'an Tsu-yin, and the princes, and, formed an inner cabinet to deal with the crisis. Wêng also served for two years as a Grand Councilor (1882–84). In April 1884 he was discharged from the Grand Council, but was allowed to retain all his other posts including his tutorship of the Emperor (see under ).

Early in 1886 Wêng T'ung-ho was made president of the Board of Revenue, a post he held for twelve years until his retirement. In the meantime he was concurrently appointed a Grand Councilor (1894), a member of the Tsungli Yamen (1895), and an Associate Grand Secretary (1897). During this period his most important service was in connection with national finance. He did not agree with policy of spending freely on reform and would have put a stop to his introduction of new industries had Chang not engaged the sup port of Prince I-huan. As a financier of the old school, Wêng tried to balance the expenditures of the government with the small revenue from agriculture. He opposed the provincial officials who were experimenting with commercial and industrial capitalism with funds borrowed from foreign banks. After the Taiping Rebellion provincial officials possessed almost independent powers and Wêng's contest with Chang typifies the conflict between the central and the local governments. Wêng similarly was not on cordial terms with, their disagreement being on the question of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95. While Li and his faction sought to avoid a war, Wêng and his colleagues pressed for a test of arms. But when Li was later blamed for China's defeat, Wêng is said to have persuaded the throne to deal leniently with him. It seems that the Sino-Japanese conflict awakened Wêng to the necessity of reforms in China, for thereafter he began to introduce to the Emperor books on world history and on other subjects, and so spurred him to a reform policy. As his influence increased, Wêng was hated by members of the conservative party (mostly northerners) who recognized Empress as their leader.

In 1896, by order of the Empress Dowager, Wêng's tutorship of the Emperor terminated. As an official, however, he still had access to the Emperor and in 1898 helped him to decide on a reform policy. On June 11 of that year the Emperor ordered the provincial officials to recommend able men to serve at Court, and on the same day he issued an edict endorsing the introduction of reforms. On the 14th he ordered the leading reformers, K'ang Yu-wei (see under ) and Chang Yüan-chi 張元濟, to prepare for an audience two days later. Other reformers like  860