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 Tuan-fang devoted himself to the modernization of his country, but strove at the same time to preserve the native culture. To carry out his purposes he established schools and educational institutions, but the times were such that those whom he assisted in education abroad became revolutionaries. He was noted as a patron of many men of talent, among them: Lao Nai-hsüan 勞乃宣 ; Ch'ên Ch'ing-nien 陳慶年 ; Li Hsiang 李詳 ; Fan Tsêng-hsiang 樊增祥 ; Liu Shih-p'ei (see under ); and Yang Chung-hsi (see under ). Most of these men served as Tuan-fang's private secretaries.

Tuan-fang was noted for his rich collection of antiques. His Pao-hua an 寶華盦, a repository built in Nanking, is reported to have contained numerous rubbings of bronzes, inscriptions on stone, bricks and seals of ancient times, oracle bones, and ancient jades, as well as some one thousand masterpieces of calligraphy and painting. The following catalogues of his collection were published under his name: 陶齋吉金錄 T'ao-chai chi-chin lu, 8 chüan (1908), with a continuation in 2 chüan (1909), an annotated catalogue of some 430 bronze pieces; T'ao-chai ts'ang-shih mu (藏石目), 1 chüan (1903), a list of rubbings of inscriptions on stone; T'ao-chai ts'ang-shih chi (記), 44 chüan (1909), descriptions of a collection similar to the last; T'ao-chai ku-yü t'u (古玉圖, 1896), a work on jade; and T'ao-chai ts'ang-yin (印), 4 chüan (1909), a catalogue of seals. These catalogues were compiled by brilliant archaeologists whom Tuan-fang befriended, among them Yang Shou-ching (see under ), Li Pao-hsün 李葆恂 , and K'uang Chou-i 况周頤. Tuan-fang owed much to these scholars for the completeness of his collection. Rubbings of some 320 ancient bricks owned by Tuan-fang are preserved in the library of Yenching University, Peking. Some items from his collection of bronzes have come to Western museums, notable pieces being found in the Metropolitan Museum, New York. Tuanfang's collected memorials were printed in 1918 under the title, Tuan Chung-min kung tsou-kao (公奏稿), 16 chüan.

[1/475/2b; 6/34/24b; Ch'ai Ê, Fan-t'ien lu ts'ung-lu (see bibl. under ), chüan 8; Chin-liang, Chin-shih jên-wu chih (see under ), 1934, pp. 212, 291–92; Hashikawa Tokio 橋川時雄, 滿洲文學興廢考 Manshū bungaku kōhai-kō (1932), 47a–49b, 64a; 佛山忠義鄉志 Fo-shan chung-i-hsiang chih 14/21a; 大陵 Ta-lu, vol. III, no. 17 (Sept. 25, 1905), 紀事, p. 5.]

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 TUAN, Prince. (Tsai-i, see under ).

 TUAN Yü-ts'ai 段玉裁, 1735–1815, scholar, etymologist and phonetician, was a native of Chin-t'an, Kiangsu. His father, Tuan Shih-hsü 段世續, made his living by teaching. For several years, beginning in 1745, Tuan Yü-ts'ai studied under his father in Wu-chin, Kiangsu, where the latter had a teaching position. After becoming a chü-jên (1760) he went to Peking. There he read for the first time the Yin-Hsüeh wu-shu by and began to take an interest in the study of phonetics. Failing to pass the metropolitan examination in the following year (1761), he accepted a position as teacher in the government school for children of the three highest Banners, located in the Wan Shan Tien 萬善殿 at Ching-shan 景山 in the Forbidden City. He remained at this post until 1767. When the eminent scholar,, came to Peking in 1763 Tuan and a group of several other scholars met with Tai to discuss matters of current intellectual interest. Thus Tuan Yü-ts'ai became, and remained throughout his life, a devoted disciple of that master. Upton relinquishing his teaching post in 1767 he and his younger brother, Tuan Yü-ch'êng 段玉成, went home where the two worked together on the Classic of Poetry. As a result of this study Tuan Yü-ts'ai produced two short phonetical studies, entitled 詩經均譜 Shih-ching yün-p'u and Ch'ün-(羣) ching yün-p'u, which served as the basis of his later work on ancient phonology known as 六書音均表 Liu-shu yin-yün piao (see below). He returned to Peking in the spring of 1769 to compete in the metropolitan examination. Being unsuccessful, he accompanied Tai Chên to Shansi where was officiating as financial commissioner. While Tai was compiling the gazetteer of Fenchow, Shansi (1769), Tuan lectured at the Shou-yang 壽陽 Academy, some three hundred li northeast of Fenchow.

In 1770 Tuan Yü-ts'ai became magistrate of Yü-p'ing, Kweichow. Dismissed two years later 782