Page:Eminent Chinese Of The Ch’ing Period - Hummel - 1943 - Vol. 2.pdf/157

 Shêng-tsu was determined to recover Tibet, realizing that a hostile power there, controlling the Lamas, could easily incite the Mongols to revolt. Hence in 1718 he appointed [禵, q.v.]commander-in-chief of a large army at Sining and strengthened the defenses along the Mongolian frontier. In 1720 two expeditionary forces succeeded in recovering Lhasa and driving out the Sungars (see under ). Chereng Dondub, without reinforcements from Sungaria, and in a territory hostile to him, could do no better than return to Ili with the remnants of his army.

Despite the changes in Tibet, there was no progress made on either side along the front from Khobdo to Barkul. Early in 1723, owing to Court politics, Yin-t'i was recalled to Peking, and his armies were partly withdrawn (see under ). As these events were taking place, a Khoshote prince of Kokonor, Lobdzan Dandzin (see under ), revolted, but his revolt was easily put down (see under ) so that hostilities on the frontiers ceased for five or six years.

During the time that Tsewang Araptan was expanding westward and northward, conflict with the advancing Russians in Siberia was inevitable. Peter the Great, who had been told that gold was abundant in Eastern Turkestan, was eager to extend his rule from Tobolsk to that region. His first expedition went as far as Yamuishevsky, but was repulsed in 1715 by an army under Chereng Dondub. A second attempt was checked in 1720 near Lake Zaisan by Galdan Tseren 噶爾丹策棱 (d. 1745), the son and heir of Tsewang Araptan. After 1720 the Russians abandoned their plan of conquering Turkestan, with the result that in the ensuing thirty years trade between Sungaria and Russia flourished.

Tsewang Araptan was one of the able monarchs of his day in Central Asia. During his reign Sungaria advanced in agriculture, commerce and industry. In 1716 he captured a number of Russians, among whom were some Swedish soldiers who had been taken prisoner by Peter the Great in 1709 at the battle of Poltava and sent as exiles to Siberia. One Swedish officer, J. G. Renat, helped the Sungars to manufacture cannon and took part in their battles. Others were engaged in various industries. After he regained his freedom (1733) Renat returned to Sweden, takng with him two valuable maps of Sungaria which he presented in 1743 to the Uppsala University Library.

Tsewang Araptan died in 1727. It is said that he was murdered by some Lamas who hated him for the devastation of Tibet in 1717–20. He was succeeded by Galdan Tseren who carried on the war against China and was successful, in 1731, in routing completely the army under. But finding he could not make much headway in Mongolia (see under ), Galdan Tseren agreed to a truce with China and finally made a treaty with Emperor Kao-tsung, in 1738–39, in which the Altai Mountains were designated as the boundary between Sungaria and China. Sungaria prospered under his rule. He died in 1745 and was succeeded by his son, Tsewang Dorji Namjar 策妄多爾濟那木札爾. In 1750 another son of Galdan Tseren, Lama Darja (see under ), rebelled, captured Tsewang Dorji Namjar, and imprisoned him in Aksu. This started a civil war which lasted five years and resulted in the Chinese conquest of Sungaria (see under ).

[1/527/1a; 1/530/3b–7a; P'ing-ting shuo-mo fang-lüeh (see under ); P'ing-ting Chun-ko-êr fang-lüeh (see under );, Huang-ch'ao Fan-pu yao-lüeh, chüan 9–14; Baddeley, J. F., Russia, Mongolia, China (1919), vol. 1, pp. clxvi–cxcvi, table G; Howorth, H. H., The History of the Mongols (1876), vol. 1, pp. 640–51; Haenisch, E., "Bruchstücke aus der Geschichte Chinas unter der Gegenwartigen Dynastie," in T'oung Pao (1911), pp. 197–235, 375–424; Hedin, Sven, Southern Tibet (1917) I, pp. 253–60.]

2em

 TS'Ê-lêng. See under.

 TSHANGS-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho 策養[倉洋]嘉錯, Feb.11, 1683–1706, the Sixth Dalai Lama and poet, was born at Mon in southern Tibet. His full name was bLo-bzang-rig-hdsins (羅布藏仁青)-tshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho. The year before he was born the Fifth Dalai Lama (see under ) had died. According to Tibetan law, the death of a Dalai Lama should be publicly announced, and high commissioners should then convene to select some new-born infant as the reincarnation of the deceased Lama. This infant is then educated in the monastery, Potala, and the Panchan Lama rules at the head of a body of regents, until the child comes of age. But this procedure was ignored in this instance as the Tipa (temporal administrator under the Dalai Lama), whose name was sDe-srid Sangs-rgyas-rgya-mtsho, known in China as Sangge 桑結, did not make public the Lama's death. 759