Page:Eminent Chinese Of The Ch’ing Period - Hummel - 1943 - Vol. 1.pdf/79

Rh he was given the posthumous rank of Junior Preceptor. He was canonized as Hsiang-chuang 襄壯.

Chang Yung was a powerful military leader in his day who won many battles in spite of the handicap of a disabled right foot. Several generals who later became powerful, such as, rose to eminence because of his help. The Khoshotes and aborigines of Kokonor feared him, and when they were pressed eastward by in 1678 they were kept away from the borders of Kansu by Chang Yung. Later emperors did honor to his memory: in 1732 Emperor Shih-tsung entered his name in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen and in 1767 the rights of perpetual inheritance were added to his hereditary rank.

[1/261/1a; 2/78/31a; 3/273/31a; P'ing-ting San-ni fang-lüeh (see under ); P'ing-ting Shuo-mo fang-lüeh (see under ).]

2em

CH'ANG-ling 長齡, Dec. 18, 1758–1838, Jan. 26, statesman, general, first Duke Wei-yung (威勇公), was a Mongol of the Sartuk clan (薩爾圖克氏). His ancestors came from the Korchin (科爾沁) tribe of Mongols and were incorporated in the Mongol Plain Blue Banner. But in 1747, owing to the exploits of his father, Nayentai (納延泰, 1694–1762), the family was raised to the more distinguished Plain White Banner. Nayentai served as president of the Court of Colonial Affairs for twenty-four years (1738–62)—longer than any other official in that post throughout the dynasty. This can perhaps be attributed to his knowledge of languages. It is significant that his two sons, like himself, entered officialdom by passing the examination for translators.

In 1773 Ch'ang-ling, the second son of Nayentai, became a student translator and two years later was appointed a clerk in the Board of Works. In 1777 he was transferred to the Court of Colonial Affairs where he served in various capacities until 1794. During this period he gained much experience by serving three times on the staff of the commanders of expeditionary forces—in 1784 to suppress the Mohammedan rebellion in Kansu (see under ), in 1787–88 against the insurgents in Taiwan (see under ), and in 1791–93 against the Gurkas in Nepal (see under ). In 1794 Ch'ang-ling became a sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat. Five years later he was appointed lieutenant-general of the Gendarmerie in the West City, Peking. In the years 1800–02 he took part in the campaign against the rebels known as the White Lily Sect (see under ) by first serving as commandant of a regiment of troops from northern Manchuria (1800–01) and then as provincial commander-in-chief of Hupeh (1801–02). He fought many battles in northwestern Hupeh and was rewarded in 1802 with the minor hereditary rank of Yün-ch'i-yü for annihilating some of the rebels. Abandoning the front because of illness, he returned to Peking in 1803 and was made provincial commander-in-chief of Chihli with headquarters at Ku-pei-k'ou. Then he served as governor of Anhwei (1804–05) and of Shantung (1805–07). In 1807 he was made governor-general of Shensi and Kansu to suppress a rebellion of the natives of Kokonor, who were of Tibetan origin and known as Fan 番. At the head of 8,000 men he attacked rebellious natives and within forty days (September–October, 1807) forced their leaders to surrender. Thereafter regular troups were stationed in that region.

While he was governor of Shantung Ch'ang-ling failed to discover misappropriations of public funds by a subordinate. When the facts became known in 1808, he was discharged (1809) for negligence and banished to Ili. Late in the same year (1809) he was given the rank of a junior Imperial Bodyguard and was appointed assistant military-governor of Ili with residence at Khobdo. Transferred to Uliasutai in 1810, he gradually regained the confidence of Emperor Jên-tsung. In 1811 he was made governor of Honan and two years later was again appointed governor-general of Shensi and Kansu. Early in 1814 he put an end to an uprising of lumbermen at Ch'i-shan, Shensi, and was rewarded with the minor hereditary rank of Ch'i-tu-yü. But for failure to report a rebellious plot of the T'ien-li Sect (see under ) while he was in Honan, he was again sentenced to banishment in Ili. As the sentence was announced before his victory in Shensi became known, he was merely degraded. Later in 1814 he was sent for the second time to Ili where he served first as a councilor (1814–16) and then as military-governor (1816–17).

In 1817, at the age of sixty (sui), Ch'ang-ling was for the third time made governor-general of Shensi and Kansu, and in 1821 was given by Emperor Hsüan-tsung the concurrent rank of an Assistant Grand Secretary. Early in 1822 he 67