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Rh ing the Fu-shê as a corrupting and disturbing force in the nation. As a measure of defense Chang P'u proceeded to strengthen his organization by resorting to more direct activities of a political nature. The decree imposing the penalty of death on the prime minister, Hsüeh Kuo-kuan 薛國觀, and the substitution of Chou Yen-ju 周廷儒 early in 1641 was in part a Fu-shê maneuver. The promulgation of the manifesto of Nanking, entitled 留都防亂公揭 Liu-tu fang-luan kung-chieh, against in 1639 was a direct interference in politics on the part of students. In the summer of 1641 Chang P'u died and was given unofficially the posthumous name, Jên-hsüeh hsien-shêng 仁學先生. In the year following his death, the Fu-shê held another meeting at Hu-ch'iu which was the last of the great gatherings. On the whole, the Fu-shê carried on the traditions of the Tung-lin party 東林黨. Its membership included the descendants of prominent Tung-lin members, such as, and for that reason was also known as "the little Tung-lin" 小東林. When Juan Ta-ch'êng ordered the wholesale arrest of Fu-shê members he entitled his list of proscribed names, 蝗蝻錄 Huang-nan lu—the Tung-lin members being thus slightingly referred to as Huang 蝗, or "locusts", and the Fu-shê members as Nan 蝻, or "unfledged locusts".

The Imperial Catalogue (see under ) gives notice of four works by Chang P'u: a compilation of commentaries on the Odes, 詩經注疏大全合集 Shih-ching chu-shu ta-ch'üan ho-chi, in 34 chüan; a work on the Spring and Autumn Annals, 春秋三書 Ch'un-ch'iu san-shu, in 32 chüan; essays on historical topics, 歷代史論二編 Li-tai shih-lun êr-pien, in 10 chüan; and a collection of literary works by 103 authors of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, 漢魏六朝百三名家集 Han Wei Liu-ch'ao pai-san ming-chia chi, in 118 chüan, the last being copied into the Ssŭ-k'u Manuscript Library (see under ). His collected literary works Ch'i-lu-chai chi (集), in 15 chüan, were named after his studio.

[M.1/288/18a; T'ai-ts'ang-chou chih (1919) 19/33a; Ssŭ-k'u 17/7a, 30/6b, 90/4b, 189/12a;, 復社紀書 Fu-shê chi shih in Mei-tsun chia-ts'ang kao; Tu Têng-ch'un 杜登春, 社事始末 Shê-shih shih-mo in 昭代叢書 Chao-tai ts'ung-shu; Hsieh Kuo-chên 謝國楨, 明清之際黨社運動考, Ming-Ch'ing chih-chi tang-shê yün-tung k'ao (1934).]

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 CHANG Tai 張岱,, Oct. 5, 1597–1684?, historian and essayist, was a native of Shan-yin (Shaohsing), Chekiang. His great-grandfather, Chang Yüan-pien 張元汴, became a chin-shih in 1571 with highest honors. Like his ancestors, he was a strict moralist. The grandfather of Chang Tai, named Chang Ju-lin 張汝霖, was a chin-shih of 1595 who held, among other posts, the intendancy of a Circuit in Kiangsi. But beginning with Chang Ju-lin the family gradually fell into luxurious habits. Chang Tai's uncles and his father, Chang Yüeh-fang 張耀芳, were notoriously extravagant, building showy houses, maintaining several troupes of actresses, collecting antiques, and inclining to all sorts of sensual pursuits. Hence during his youth Chang Tai was accustomed to all the luxuries of the time. He professed a liking for cosy houses, pretty maids and pages, colorful clothes, good cooking, horses, lanterns, fireworks, opera, music, antiques, flowers and birds. He was a connoisseur of tea and was an expert on water from natural springs for the making of tea. He learned to play the lute and organized a club for practicing it.

Though he enjoyed a comfortable life, Chang Tai studied hard and achieved proficiency as a writer of prose. During the years 1627–31 his father served as secretary to the eleventh Prince of Lu (Chu Shou-yung, see under ), whose estates were in Yen-chou, Shantung. Chang Tai made several journeys to that city to visit his father; except for these journeys he spent most of his life at home or in the neighboring cities of Hangchow, Soochow, and Nanking. In 1645, after Nanking fell to the Manchus, the thirteenth Prince of Lu, Chu I-hai, fled to Shaohsing and visited the home of Chang Tai where he was elaborately entertained. Later Chu I-hai became regent, making Shaohsing his capital for less than a year. Chang Tai served in Chu's court for two or three months, but resigned and went to live in the mountains southeast of Shaohsing, taking with him a small part of his library which comprised some 30,000 chüan. Early in 1646 he was forced to pay a large ransom to redeem his son who had been kidnapped by one of Chu I-hai's generals. That general later ransacked Chang's home and destroyed almost all 53