Page:Eminent Chinese Of The Ch’ing Period - Hummel - 1943 - Vol. 1.pdf/64

Rh way. Overruling the official condemnation，the emperor gave him a place in the Imperial Study (南書房) and made him acting superintendent of government granaries. Here also Chang engaged in relief for the Shun-t'ien and Yung-p'ing prefectures. Near the end of 1720 he was made junior vice-president of the Board of Reve­nue and placed in charge of coinage, still super­intending the granaries. In the following year he took occasion to report on a break in the dykes of the Yellow River and later, after personal inspection, on its repairs. In the first year of Yung-chêng (1723) he was made president of the Board of Ceremonies. He was posthumously given the title of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and was canonized as Ch'ing-k'o 清恪. In 1878 his name was placed in the temple of Confucius.

Of the numerous writings of Chang Po-hsing, fourteen titles were given notice in the Imperial Catalogue (see under of ), one on river control, entitled 居濟一得 Chü Chi i-tê in 8 chüan, completed in 1706; the Test mostly on ethical and philosophical subjects. Most of his works, in­cluding the Chü Chi i-tê and collections of his shorter compositions (正誼堂集 Chêng-i-t'ang chi and Chêng-i-t'ang hsü [續] chi), are pub­lished in the Chêng-i-t'ang ch'üan-shu (全書) along with a number of other works by himself and earlier philosophers. This series which includes 63 titles was edited and first published by Chang himself at dates ranging from 1707 to 1713, and reprinted in 1866, with supplements as late as 1887. His 性理正宗 Hsing-li chêng-tsung, in 40 chüan, a compendium of philosophy, was completed in 1725 a few weeks before his death, but is not known to have been printed. His son, Chang Shih-tsai 張師載, 1695–1763, was also devoted to Sung philosophy and to the saving of the people from flood and famine. He became director-general of the Yellow River and Grand Canal Conserv­ancy, 1757–63.

[1/271/5a; 2/12/9a; 3/61/1a; 4/17/1a; 18/9/3a; 張清恪公年譜 Chang Ch'ing-k'o kung nien-p'u (1739), by his sons; Chêng-i-t'ang ch'üan-shu 首/31a; Chêng-i-t'ang hsü-chi 1/20a; Watters, A., A Guide to the Tablets in a Temple of Confucius (1879) pp. 254–59.]

2em

 CHANG P'u 張溥, 1602–1641, founder of the politico-literary group known as Fu-shê 復社, was a native of T'ai-ts'ang, Kiangsu. An ardent student from youth up, he developed the habit of making frequent notes on what he had read, and therefore named his library, Ch'i-lu-chai 七錄齋, or "Seven-Recordings Studio". In 1620 he made the acquaintance of Chang Ts'ai 張采, and during the years 1623 to 1628 the two labored together in his studio. Because of their friendship and their combined literary interests they came to be known as "The Two Changs East of the River Lou" (婁東二張). Early in 1628 they both went to Peking, Chang P'u as a senior licentiate, Chang Ts'ai to take the metropolitan examination and win his chin-shih in that year. Chang Ts'ai was appointed magistrate of Lin-ch'uan, Kiangsi, and Chang P'u went back to his native place where he organized the Fu-shê which some sources take to mean "the society for the revival of ancient learning." Although Chang P'u was granted his chin-shih at the next triennial examination of 1631, rather than take up the usual official career he chose to devote himself to his organization.

Literary societies of the Ming dynasty date back to the beginning of the 17th century. The purpose of such groups was to "make friends by means of literature," as the Analects say, and to help the members prepare for the examinations. The Fu-shê began with this modest objective, but under Chang P'u's skilled guidance it took in many small local units until it became a nationwide social movement and a political force of great significance. Its first great meeting was held at Yin-shan in Wu-chiang, Kiangsu, in 1629; the second at Nanking in 1630, and the third at Hu-ch'iu, 7 li northwest of Soochow, in 1632—attended by thousands of scholars from all parts of the empire. The list of members as recorded by Wu Ying-chi 吳應箕, and supplemented by his grandson Wu Ming-tao 吳銘道 under the title, 復社姓氏錄 Fu-shê hsing-shih lu, includes 2,025 names. Its membership increased as it grew in influence and prestige. It brought pressure to bear on both Court and local officials, took a hand in appointments and removals from office, and recommended favorite candidates for the examination system. As its power increased so did the number and hatred of its enemies. Its chief opponents were the followers of the eunuch,, and those who for one reason or another experienced the society's disapproval.

In 1637 one, Lu Wên-shêng 陸文聲, a native of Soochow, memorialized the Emperor denounc- 52