Page:Eminent Chinese Of The Ch’ing Period - Hummel - 1943 - Vol. 1.pdf/562

 Peking in 1769. From 1772 until early in 1796, when he died, he taught in various Academies, or Shu-yüan 書院, among them being: the Chung-shan (鍾山) Academy at Nanking (1772–78, 1785–88); the Ch'ung-wên (崇文, 1779), and the Tzŭ-yang (紫陽 1780, 1793) Academies at Hangchow; the San-li (三立) Academy at Taiyuan, Shansi (1781–83); the Lou-tung (婁東) Academy at T'ai-ts'ang, Kiangsu; and the Lung-ch'êng (龍城) Academy at Chang-chou, Kiangsu (1788–93, 1794?–96), where he died.

Lu Wên-ch'ao spent a large part of his working life collating the texts of ancient works. Pressed by poverty, he began when he was only about sixteen sui to make copies of the books he wished to study. By 1750 he had access to Huang Shu-lin's collection, and from then on until his death he worked continuously for more than forty-five years, comparing the texts and editions of ancient works, making note of the differences, and printing the corrected texts. This branch of study, known as chiao-k'an hsüeh 校勘學, became popular in the Ch'ien-lung period as one of the activities of the School of Han Learning (see under ) which demanded sound texts for the pursuit of exact scholarship. and Lu Wên-ch'ao were the first scholars of the Ch'ing period to devote their entire lives to this study. Their work was continued by such scholars as Sun Hsing-yen, Wang Nien-sun, Pao T'ing-po,, and others. As a result the scholastic world was provided with reliable editions of many ancient works which had been rendered unreadable after centuries of mistaken copying and reprinting.

In the course of his life Lu Wên-ch‘ao collated the texts of several hundred works. Being a speedy and accurate transcriber, he often copied an entire work before he undertook the collation. Between the years 1782 and 1792 he printed his corrected texts of eleven ancient works, of which the most important are: 荀子 Hsün-tzŭ, 20 chüan; Ch'un-ch'iu fan-lu (see under ), 17 chüan; 逸周書 I Chou-shu, 10 chüan; and 經典釋文 Ching-tien shih-wên, 30 chüan. To the last work he added a collection of his collation notes, and comments by other scholars, under the title Ching-tien shih-wên k'ao-chêng (考證), 30 chüan, printed in 1791. His edition of the Decorum Ritual (儀禮 I-li), entitled I-li chu-shu hsiang-chiao (注疏詳校), 17 chüan, printed in 1795, is considered authoritative. His collation notes on thirty-eight other works were brought together and printed under the title, 群書拾補 Ch'ün-shu shih-pu, 39 chüan, printed in 1787. He also left two collections of miscellaneous notes on the classics and histories; one entitled 鍾山札記 Chung-shan cha-chi, 4 chüan, printed in 1790; the other, 龍城札記 Lung-ch'êng cha-chi, 3 chüan, printed six years later. The printing of his collection of short works in prose under the title 抱經堂文集 Pao-ching t'ang wên-chi, 34 chüan, was begun by himself in 1795, and after his death was finished (1797) by Pao T'ing-po. These seventeen works, together with the collected works of his maternal grandfather, Fêng Ching, are collectively known as the Pao-ching t'ang ts'ung-shu (叢書), printed during the years 1782–97, and reprinted in 1923.

The Kuo-hsüeh Library at Nanking is reported to possess sixty-three items which once belonged to Lu Wên-ch'ao—fifty-six of them containing collation notes or punctuation marks in his handwriting. These notes, being often dated, afford valuable information about his life. It appears that some of these works he collated as many as four times. In addition, he collated a number of works for, and others-works included by the owners in their own ts'ung-shu or collectanea.

[國學圖書館年刊 Kuo-hsüeh t'u-shu kuan nien-k'an, no. 1 (1928, a nien-p'u); no. 4 (1931, 江蘇書院志初稿); no. 5 (1932, on his collation manuscripts); 1/487/16a; 2/68/38a; 3/127/28a; 16/14/26a; 17/4/36a.]

2em

 LU-FEI Ch'ih. See page 542.

 LÜ Kung 呂宮, Sept. 28, 1603–1664, May 13, official, was a native of Wu-chin, Kiangnan. He emerged from the examination of 1647 with the rank of optimus or chuang-yüan, being the second scholar to receive that distinction in the Ch'ing dynasty. The first was who obtained it in the preceding year. Appointed a first class compiler of the Hanlin Academy, he rose in 1653 to the rank of senior vice-president of the Board of Civil Office and early in the following year to be a Grand Secretary without having to adhere to the rule of seniority. After was condemned to death in 1654 Lü Kung was accused, among other offenses, of being Ch'ên's confederate. He pleaded guilty, and asserting that he was weak and ill, asked to be retired. In the memorial which told 550