Page:Eminent Chinese Of The Ch’ing Period - Hummel - 1943 - Vol. 1.pdf/511

 notes of his lectures by various disciples, were edited by a disciple, Wang Hsin-ching 王心敬 (1656–1738), and were first printed in 1694. The 四書反身錄 Ssŭ-shu fan-shên lu, in 7 chüan, which has a preface dated 1686, gives his exposition of the philosophy of the Four Books as recorded by this same disciple. When Emperor Shêng-tsu made a tour of the western provinces in 1703 Li Yung sent to him, by the hands of his son, copies of these two works and received in return a poem by the Emperor himself and a tablet inscribed, "Discipline and Purpose High and Pure" (操志高潔). He died two years later, age seventy-nine (sui). In his philosophical teaching he attempted to mediate between the view-points of Wang Yang-ming (see ) and Chu Hsi (see ) stressing the necessity of both intuitive understanding and the "investigation of things". He won a large following by his personal integrity and moral earnestness, by his efforts at actual reform in a period of political and intellectual bewilderment, and by a wide appeal to the moral sense of the common people.

Li Yung and two contemporaries, all having the same surname, are known as the Kuan-chung San-li 關中三李, or the "Three Lis of Shensi". The other two are Li Yin-tu (see under ) and Li Pai 李栢, both writers of note.

[1/486/7a; 2/66/16a; 3/406/1a; 4/128/10b; 7/27/15a; Chou-chih hsien-chih (1925) 6/22a; Ssŭ-k'u, 37/10b, 181/5b; A chronological biography, entitled 歷年紀略 Li-nien chi-lüeh in Êr-ch'ü-chi (1877), 45/1a,ff; Kuan-chung san-Li nien-p'u (年譜) in Kuan-chung ts'ung-shu (叢書).]

2em

LI Yung-fang 李永芳, d. 1634, Chinese general who served under the Manchus, was a native of T'ieh-ling, Liaotung. In 1613, when the Manchu expansion began to cause friction with the Ming Court, he was a major at Fu-shun. He attempted a parley with the Manchu leader concerning Chinese support to the Yehe, a tribe with which was at war. Nevertheless when the latter in 1618 disclosed his seven grounds for irritation at Chinese policy and declared open war against the Ming emperor, the city of Fu-shun became the first object of his attack. Li surrendered without a struggle and, together with the entire population, was carried off to the Manchu stronghold of Hsing-ching, east of Mukden. There he was given a position of authority over the conquered Chinese and was provided with a Manchu wife, the daughter of Nurhaci's seventh son. Li rendered effective service to the Manchus in the campaigns of 1619 and 1621, for which he was made a brigade-general. For refusing all entreaties of to reaffirm his allegiance to China, the Manchus granted him advance pardon equivalent to the commutation of three death sentences. Since he was the first Chinese of importance to join the Manchus, his value to the latter was great. He helped materially, for example, in conducting the peace negotiations with the Koreans in 1627 (see under ). He died seven years later, soon after receiving the hereditary rank of viscount of the third class.

Li Yung-fang had nine sons, the most prominent of whom were Bayan (see under ), inheritor of the rank of viscount, and who on his own merit received the hereditary rank of a first class baron. After 1642 Li Yung-fang's descendants belonged to the Chinese Plain Blue Banner.

[1/237/2b; 2/78/10a; 4/5/5b; 明季北略 Ming-chi pei-lüeh 1/1b; Hauer, K'ai-kuo fang-lüeh 66f.]

2em

 LIANG Chang-chü 梁章鉅, Aug. 1, 1775–1849, Aug. 8, scholar and official, was a native of Ch'ang-lo, Fukien. Descended from a long line of scholars and officials, he began his classical training early. In 1802 he became a chin-shih and was selected a bachelor in the Hanlin Academy, but later in that year, owing to the death of his father, Liang Tsan-t'u 梁贊圖, he went home to observe the customary mourning period. Returning to Peking in 1805, he received an appointment as secretary in the Board of Ceremonies. In the autumn of the same year he pleaded illness and returned to Fukien. For seven years (1807–14) he headed the Academy, Nan-p'u Shu-yüan 南浦書院 in Pu-ch'êng, Fukien. Meanwhile he was engaged for several years as secretary to Chang Shih-ch'êng 張師誠, when the latter was governor of Fukien (1806–14). In 1814 he returned to Peking and in 1816 became a secretary in the Council of State. He was promoted in 1821 to an assistant department director in the Board of Ceremonies and a year later became eligible for appointment as a provincial official. Soon after- 499