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Rh October 1911 a poorly organized band of soldiers carried out successfully an almost unpremeditated Revolution. The Ch'ing dynasty came to an end, and Tsai-fêng agreed for his son to abdicate, and he himself retired to Tientsin.

I-huan's two younger sons—the sixth and seventh—belonged to a group of Imperial Clansmen who grasped important Cabinet posts and caused much criticism from other factions. The sixth son, Tsai-hsün (see under ) was a prince of the fifth degree when he was appointed in 1902 to take the place of Tsai-i (see under ) as the adopted son of. Thus Tsai-hsün inherited the rank of beile or a prince of the third degree. In 1909 he was made head of the Commission for the Reorganization of the Navy and was sent to Europe to study naval affairs in various countries. In the summer of 1910 he visited Japan, and late in the same year was made Minister of the Navy. I-huan's seventh son, Tsai-t'ao 載濤, who in 1902 took the place of Tsai-ying (see under ) as adopted son of I-ho (see under ), was to the army what his half-brother, Tsai-hsün, was to the navy. Late in 1908 the New Palace Guard was reorganized under the special command of Tsai-fêng with Tsai-t'ao as one of three superintendents. In 1909 Tsai-t'ao was made chief of the General Staff Council and in 1910 was sent to study military conditions in Japan, in the United States, and in European countries. Thus the three sons of I-huan virtually had full control of the government, but they were ignorant and tactless, inclined more to display their uniforms than to pursue intelligent action. During the Revolution of 1911 they handed over their power to Yüan Shih-k'ai (see under ), and a few months later retired. In the early years of the Republic, Tsai-t'ao was given the title, General Kung-wei 鞏威將軍 and served on the Military Council of Generals known as Chiang-chün-fu 將軍府.

[1/142/1a; 1/177/26a; 1/227/11a; Ch'un Ch'in-wang I-huan chih Chün-chi-ch'u ch'ih-tu (致軍機處尺牘) in 文獻叢編 Wên-hsien ts'ung-pien nos. 7–9;, Kuei-p'u chai shih-ch'ao; portraits of Tsai-hsün and Tsai-t'ao in The Eastern Miscellany (Tung-fang tsa-chih) vol. 7, no. 2 (February, 1910); McCormick, F., The Flowery Republic (1913); Reid, J. G., The Manchu Abdication and the Powers (1935); 中東戰紀本末 Chung Tung chan-chi pên-mo (1896) 1/23b; Wu K'o-chai nien-p'u (see under ) pp. 176–86.]

2em

 I (義) Huang-ti, posthumous name of.

 I (毅) Huang-ti, posthumous name of.

 I-hui 奕繪, Feb. 20, 1799–1838, Aug. 26, Imperial Clansman and poet, was a great-grandson of Emperor Kao-tsung (see under ). His grandfather, Yung-ch'i 永琪, was the fifth son of Kao-tsung and held the rank of a first class prince with the designation, Jung (榮親王), conferred in 1765. His father, Mien-i 綿億 (posthumous name 1761–1815), on coming of age in 1784, was made a prince of the third degree but was raised in 1799 to a prince of the second degree with the designation, Jung. I-hui inherited in 1815 the rank of a prince of the third degree. He was well educated, excelling as a calligrapher, as a connoisseur of antiques, and as an architect. But he was chiefly famous for his poetry. He left a collection of ruled verse, entitled the 流水編 Liu-shui-pien, and another collection of verse in irregular meter (tz'ǔ 詞), entitled 南谷樵唱 Nan-ku ch'iao-ch'ang. These works are collectively known as 明善堂集 Ming-shan t'ang chi, or as 子章子 Tzŭ-chang tzŭ. He served at Court as a junior assistant chamberlain of the Imperial Bodyguard (1825–35) and filled several concurrent posts. He retired in 1835 and died three years later.

I-hui took as his concubine a celebrated poetess named Ku-t'ai-ch'ing 顧太清, sometimes known as Tai-ch'ing ch'un 太清春, or as Hsi-lin ch'un 西林春. It is not clear whether she was born in a Chinese or a Bannerman's family. She was not only a writer of verse, but could paint, and made a collection of art objects. She and I-hui led a happy life together and had seven children. After I-hui died his son, Tsai-chün 載鈞 (d. 1857), by an earlier wife, inherited the rank of a prince of the fourth degree. This son was not on good terms with his father's secondary wife and therefore expelled her from the princely mansion to live in a rented house. Ku-tai-ch'ing managed, however, to bring up her children so that they married into noble families. In 1875 she became blind, and a year later was still living. The year of her death is not certain.  386