Page:Eminent Chinese Of The Ch’ing Period - Hummel - 1943 - Vol. 1.pdf/396

Rh original ming 禹堂 T. 渠城 Jan, 1843–1904) and printed in 1932–35. Appended to the compilation is Wang's work about affairs in 1900–02, entitled 西巡大事記 Hsi-hsün ta-shih chi, 11 + 1 chüan.

[1/171/24b; 1/227/9b; Ch'ing Huang-shih ssŭ-p'u (see under ); Chin-liang, Chin-shih jên-wu chih (see under ) p. 45; Bulletin of the National Library of Peiping, vol. 7, nos. 3–4 (May–Aug. 1934); Ch'ou-pan I-wu shih-mo, Hsien-fêng, T'ung-chih, passim; Martin, W. A. P., A Cycle of Cathay (1896), pp. 344–47; Cordier, H., L'Expédition de Chine de 1860 (1906); Wolseley, G. J., Narrative of the War with China in 1860 (1862); Swinhoe, Robert, Narrative of the North China Campaign of 1860 (1861); Rennie, D. F., Peking and the Pekingese (1865), vol. 1, p. 221; Grant, H., Incidents of the China War of 1860 (1875); Loch, H. B., Personal Narrative of Occurrences during Lord Elgin's Second Embassy to China, 1860, 3d ed. (1900); M'ghee, R. J. L., How We Got to Peking (1862); Lane-Poole, Life of Sir Harry Parkes, 2 vols. (1894);, Nien-p'u, 2/46b; Bland and Backhouse, China under the Empress Dowager (1910), portrait of Tsai-ying opposite p. 252; , Yüeh-man t'ang jih-chi.]

2em

 I-huan 奕譞, Oct. 16, 1840–1891, Jan. 1, the first Prince Ch'un（醇親王) was the seventh son of Emperor Hsüan-tsung (, q.v.). He was the father of Emperor Tê-tsung (, q.v.) and grandfather of the child emperor, P'u-i (Hsüan-t'ung, see under ). His mother was a concubine who also gave birth to Emperor Hsüan-tsung's eighth and ninth sons (see under ). In 1850, when his half-brother, , ascended the throne, I-huan was created a prince of the second degree (Chün-wang 郡王) with the designation, Ch'un. In 1859, at twenty sui, he was given a mansion of his own—a palace which came to be known as Ch'i-yeh fu 七爺府, or "Palace of the Seventh Prince". It belonged originally to , the poet. In 1861 after his nephew, Emperor Mu-tsung, ascended the throne, I-huan was made lieutenant-general of a Banner, an adjutant general, and a chamberlain of the Imperial Bodyguard. Early in 1862 he became assistant to his half-brother,, who commanded the Peking Field Force.

Since his wife was the younger sister of the Empress Dowager (, q.v.), I-huan was favored by that Empress and was used by her to counteract the power of I-hsin. Thus in 1865, after I-hsin was deprived of his authority as Prince-Counselor, the supervision of the child emperor's education was entrusted to I-huan. In 1873, when Emperor Mu-tsung took over the government from his mother, he raised I-huan's princedom to the first degree, and thus gave him a rank equal to that of I-hsin. After Emperor Mu-tsung died early in 1875 leaving no heir, Empress Hsiao-ch'in announced at a meeting of the princes and high officials that (q.v., son of I-huan and her own sister) would succeed to the throne. Though the choice was contrary to the dynasty's unwritten rules of succession, the Empress resorted to this expedient to preserve her power, and no one dared to interpose objections. I-huan thus found himself in a difficult position, one in which he might easily be involved in intrigues. According to —who was present at the meeting—when I-huan heard the announcement he was so overcome that he wept and fainted. He pleaded serious illness and memorialized on his desire to be relieved of all service at Court. His request was granted, for by remaining at Court he would have to kneel to his own son—a point required by Court etiquette, but repugnant to paternal instincts. He was therefore ordered to supervise the building of the tomb of Emperor Mu-tsung, and his princedom was made "perpetually inheritable".

But I-huan's retirement was only temporary, for in 1876 he was given supervision of the education of Emperor Tê-tsung, then aged six (sui); and four years later was placed in full charge of the Peking Field Force. In 1884, when I-hsin was discharged from all offices, it was announced that I-huan should be consulted on all important affairs of state. As China was then engaged in a conflict with France (see under ), I-huan took a prominent part in shaping the military program.

After the first fleet of Chinese warships (see under ) was destroyed by the French in 1884, it was decided to build a new fleet. For that purpose the Board of Admiralty (Hai-chün Ya-mên 海軍衙門) was created by an order of Empress Hsiao-ch'in issued on October 13, 1885. I-huan was appointed controller of this Board; I-k'uang (see under ) and being made associate controllers, and Shan-ch'ing 善慶  and  assistant controllers. In May 1886 I-huan and Li Hung-chang, escorted by warships, 384