Page:Eminent Chinese Of The Ch’ing Period - Hummel - 1943 - Vol. 1.pdf/277

Rh Eleuths resumed their raids on the Mongols. The Emperor, hoping to retain the allegiance of the latter, commanded Furdan to retreat to Chakan Sor. Furdan ordered the enlargement of the garrisons, both at that post and along the Great Wall, and tried to encourage and console the Mongol princes. Meanwhile a victory over the Eleuths by Hsi-pao 錫保, (d. 1742), eighth Prince Shun-ch'êng (see under ), and his Mongolian assistants, especially the Mongolian Prince,, temporarily checked the invaders. Hsi-pao, a general under Furdan, was now placed in command and Furdan was degraded to Hsi-pao's former rank. Marsai 馬爾塞, grandson of, was made commander of the garrisons at Jak and Baidarik (see under ) to guard the route from Kuei-hua-ch'êng to Chakan Sor. In 1732 Furdan suffered another defeat and was deprived of all ranks and offices. In 1733 Marsai, for his failure in the previous year to attack the fleeing Eleuths who were defeated and pursued by Prince Tsereng, was executed after a court martial.

In 1735 Furdan was involved, with two quartermasters of his army, on a charge of corruption and sentenced to immediate execution. But as the Emperor died before the sentence could be approved the new Emperor (Kao-tsung) commuted it to imprisonment awaiting execution. In prison Furdan discovered that his colleague, Yüeh Chung-ch'i, had already been jailed. The two were released in 1739, and nine years later were both engaged in the campaign against the Chin-ch'uan tribes. For a time Furdan was acting governor-general of Szechwan and Shensi but, when commanded the forces against the Chin-ch'uan rebels, he reported that Furdan was too old for active service and engaged him as a member of his staff. In 1749 Furdan again served as the military governor of Heilungkiang and died at his post. He was canonized as Wên-k'o 温愨. He is described as tall of stature, with a handsome beard and a rather reddish complexion.

Furdan's son, Hadaha 哈達哈 (d. 1759), and Hadaha's son, Haningga 哈寧阿 (d. 1759), were both generals and both were humiliated for errors in military tactics. In 1778 the family hereditary rank was raised to duke of the first class in recognition of the exploits of the founder, Fiongdon.

[11/303/2a; 1/174/26b; 2/17/8a; 2/21/40a; 3/275/1a;, Hsiao-t'ing tsa-lu 3/1a; P'ing-ting Chun-ko-êr fang-lüeh, ch'ien-pien (see under ) 23/24a, 24/24a–31a, chüan 25–30.]

2em

G

GALDAN 噶爾丹 1644 (1632?)–1697, May 3, Bushktu Khan of the Sungars (a tribe of the Eleuths), was a descendant in the twelfth generation of Essen 也先 (or 額森) who harassed the northern frontier in the fifteenth century. The Eleuths (or Oelots), known also as Kalmuks, were the Western Mongols—the Eastern Mongols occupying Outer Mongolia (Khalka) and Inner Mongolia. At the time of Galdan the Eleuths embraced several nomadic tribes: the Khoshotes 和碩特, ruled by descendants of a brother of Genghis Khan; the Turguts (see under ); and the Choros 綽羅斯 who in turn comprised three tribes: the Sungars or Dzungars 準噶爾, the Derbets 杜爾伯特, and the Khoits 輝特. The Khoshotes, the Turguts, the Sungars, and the Derbets formed the four main tribes of Western Mongols, and their alliance was called the Uriad 衛拉特 which by a change of sound was known in the Ming period as Wala 瓦剌. The Khoits were originally subject to the Derbets (see under ).

Until late in the sixteenth century the Khoshotes pastured in the Urumchi region, the Turguts in the Tarbagatai region, and the Choros between them in the Irtish Valley. In the first half of the seventeenth century, probably owing to the rise in power of the Sungars, the Turguts migrated west to the banks of the Volga (see under ) and the Khoshotes moved south to the Kokonor region. The chief of the Khoshotes, Gushi (or Guši) Khan 顧實汗 (personal name, Turubaikhu Nomin, d. 1656), who adhered to the Yellow Sect of Lamaism, assisted the Fifth Dalai Lama (Nag dban, 1617–1682) with men and arms to unify Tibet by force. Thus in the early sixteen-forties Gushi Khan extended his rule over Tibet and Kham (present Sikang). He sent one of his ten sons, Dayan Ochir Khan 達顏鄂齊爾汗 (d. 1670), to Tibet as temporal ruler, subordinate to the Dalai Lama. Dayan Ochir Khan was succeeded by his son, Dalai Khan 達賴汗 (d. 1700), who in turn was succeeded by his son, Latzan Khan (see under ). Others of Gushi Khan's sons ruled in Kokonor.

The rise of the military power of the Sungars was due to the energetic chief, Khotokhotsin 和多和親, the father of Galdan, whose title 265