Page:Eminent Chinese Of The Ch’ing Period - Hummel - 1943 - Vol. 1.pdf/23

Rh and princes, except Tseren of the Derbets. The rebellion was incited by Amursana who returned to Ili to direct it. The post-routes were again cut, but Chao-hui fought his way back to Barkul, memorializing the throne this time to take drastic measures against the insurgents. In 1757 expeditionary forces again invaded Ili and quickly routed the rebels. Amursana escaped for a third time to the Kazaks, but the Eastern Kazaks soon acknowledged Chinese suzerainty and made his stay unsafe. He then escaped to Siberia where he died of small-pox sometime in the autumn of 1757. The Russians sent back his remains which were destroyed. It is said that he left an infant son who was put in prison and remained there until his death in 1804 or 1805.

As the Eleuths had twice rebelled under Amursana they were, on the advice of Chao-hui, harshly punished by imperial order. In 1757–58 many hostile Eleuths were executed under Chao-hui's ruthless administration. Those who remained were allotted, under close supervision, some grazing lands in the Ili region, and others were transported to Heilungkiang. They were officially called Eleuths and the name Sungar was discontinued. Certain other Eleuth tribes such as the Khoshotes who lived in Kokonor did not take part in the rebellion. Some Khoshotes from the Ili region migrated to Chahar. The Derbets, under Taisha Tseren, refused to join Amursana and have since lived in western Mongolia. The Turguts who had migrated to the Caspian Sea (see under ), upon hearing of the annihilation of the Sungars, migrated slowly back in the years 1771–72. Those of them who survived the journey were allotted pastures southwest of Khobdo. As to the Khoits, some of them were incorporated under the Derbets; the rest, under the Jasaktu Khanate. The ruling house of the Sungars—except Davatsi's branch in Peking—is represented only by the descendants of Dantsila (see under ) who surrendered in the K'ang-hsi period.

The subjugation of the Eleuths led to the rebellion of the Mohammedans south of the T'ienshan range and the final conquest of that region (see under ). The prestige of Emperor Kao-tsung extended far into Central Asia. He put the conquered region under a military governor and sent Manchus and Chinese to settle it. After reconquered Chinese Turkestan (1877) and Russia returned Ili (1881), new province of Sinkiang or "New Dominions" was created (1882–84) from these regions.

[P'ing-ting Chun-ko-êr fang-lüeh (see under ); 皇輿西域圖志 Huang-yü Hsi-yü t'u-chih;, Hsiao-t'ing tsa-lu, hsü-lu; , Ch'ing Kao-tsung yü-chih wên, ch'u-chi, chüan 22; see bibl. under ].

2em

AN Ch'i 安岐, b. 1683 (?), salt merchant and connoisseur of art, was the son of a Korean servant (or slave) in the family of the Manchu minister,. He therefore belonged to the latter's banner—the Plain Yellow. Mingju retired in 1688 from his post as chief Grand Secretary, but never lost his political influence, possibly owing to his great wealth. Part of this wealth he obtained by sending out trusted agents to buy salt at wholesale prices from the government salt monopoly at Tientsin and then retail it. He supplied his agents with capital and lent his influence to make them secure against government interference. In return he took interest on his capital and whatever perquisites his agents offered him.

An Ch'i's father, An Shang-i 安尚義, sometimes known as An Shang-jên (仁) or An San (三), was such a merchant in the employ of Mingju. He made his residence in Tientsin, bought salt from the salt controller of Ch'ang-lu (長蘆, Tientsin Area), and retailed it under two aliases: Chin I (金義) and Ch'ien Jên (錢仁). Trading under fictitious names was essential since it was illegal for bannermen to be salt merchants. Though the identity of An Shang-i must have been known to many, no one dared to expose him for fear of reprisal. When An Shang-jên entered the business is not known, but by 1691 he felt so restricted in the territory allotted to him in Chihli that he took over from another merchant the right to sell salt in north-central Honan. By 1696 his territory included southeastern Honan and by 1703 also the central part of that province. These territories were formerly supplied by another salt merchant, Chang Lin 張霖, whose family had also obtained capital from Mingju and had long monopolized the trade. On becoming opulent Chang purchased official ranks and served from 1700 to 1701 as financial commissioner of Yunnan. Why he abandoned the salt business is not clear, but it may have been 11