Page:Eminent Chinese Of The Ch’ing Period - Hummel - 1943 - Vol. 1.pdf/156

Rh Nanking he became president of the Board of Ceremonies and Grand Secretary. Upright and out-spoken by nature, he opposed the corrupt, particularly when Ma advocated the appointment of. After long and vain exhortations on responsible government and disinterested service, he took a final thrust at Ma Shih-ying and withdrew from the Court. Later he joined the cause of and when the latter was defeated, committed suicide by drowning. He was given the posthumous title, Chung-ch'üeh 忠確.

[M.1/274/15a; M.35/9/5b; M.41/5/22b, 8/4a, 16/3b; M.59/11/3b; 明季南略 Ming-chi nan-lüeh 4/8a; 13/15b.]

2em

 CHIAO Hsün 焦循, Mar. 17, 1763–1820, Sept. 4, scholar and philosopher, was a native of Kan-ch'üan (Yangchow), Kiangsu. Becoming a hsiu-ts'ai in 1779, he entered the Academy, An-ting shu-yün 安定書院 at Yangchow (ca. 1782). From 1787 to 1794 he taught the children of several rich families in his neighborhood, and in the meantime studied the Classics and mathematics. In 1795 he went to Shantung as a secretary to his relative,, then commissioner of education in that province. Late in the same year he accompanied Juan to Chekiang. In 1797 he returned home, but went back to Chekiang three years later when Juan became governor of that province. In 1801 he became a chü-jên, and in the following year went to Peking where he competed unsuccessfully in the metropolitan examination. The autumn of 1802 he again spent in Chekiang, but after returning home late that year he gave up hopes of an official career and decided to study the Classics at home. In 1806 a famine, caused by flood in his district, compelled him to accept a teaching position. Later in the same year he was engaged by I Ping-shou (see under ), prefect of Yangchow, to co-operate with other scholars in compiling the following two works concerning that region: 揚州圖經 Yang-chou t'u-ching, a gazetteer; and Yang-chou wên-ts'ui (文粹), an anthology. Neither work was then printed, but the former seems to be extant, and the latter, after being re-edited by Chiao, was published under the title 揚州足徵錄 Yang-chou tsu-chêng lu, 27 chüan. It was printed in the Jung-yüan ts'ung-shu (see under ). In 1809 he was engaged as a compiler of the gazetteer, 揚州府志 Yang-chou fu-chih of 1810. Early in 1811 he took an oath to devote the rest of his life to a study of the Classic of Changes, which his grandfather and his father had studied. Between the years 1813 and 1818 he produced six works on this Classic, and also a number of commentaries to other classics. From 1817 to 1820 he worked on his interpretations of Mencius, entitled 孟子正義 Mêng-tzŭ chêng-i, 30 chüan. The transcription of the final draft of this work was not quite finished when he died. His son, Chiao T'ing-hu 焦廷琥, and his brother, Chiao Chêng 焦徵 , completed the transcription. This and some twenty other works by Chiao Hsün—several printed when he was alive, the rest after his death—are collectively known as 焦氏遺書 Chiao-shih i-shu, 124 chüan. This collection was reprinted in 1876. At least five more works by Chiao Hsün appear in various ts'ung-shu (叢書).

In his early years Chiao Hsün devoted much time to the study of mathematics and he became known, together with and Li Jui 李銳, as the "Three Comrades Who Discuss the Heavens" (談天三友). Li Jui left a collection of works on astronomy and mathematics, entitled 李氏遺書 Li-shih i-shu, which was printed by Juan Yüan in 1823. Seven of these deal with the calculations of various ancient calendars, and the other four with algebraic equations, trigonometry, and evolution. The interest in Chinese mathematics which was revived in the eighteenth century by was now beginning to bear fruit. Chiao Hsün sent the works of Li Chih (see under ) to Li Jui and thus inspired the latter's studies in Chinese algebra. The mathematical works of Chiao Hsün, comprising five items, appear in the Chiao-shih i-shu, but are known collectively as 里堂學算記 Li-t'ang hsüeh-suan chi. The one dealing with Chinese algebra is entitled, 天元一釋 T'ien-yüan-i shih, 2 chüan. He also left a work on evolution, entitled 開方通釋 K'ai-fang t'ung-shih. These works were elementary, but because the explanations in them were clearly written they could serve as textbooks.

By means of his knowledge of mathematics and philology Chiao Hsün worked out a method of interpreting the Classic of Changes—the most recondite of all the classics because it originated as a book of divination. His 雕菰樓易學 Tiao-ku lou I-hsüeh comprises three main works and two supplementary ones. The three main works are: 易章句 I chang-chü, 12 chüan, a punctua- 144