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 Fa is composed of 人 jen man and 戈 ko a spear, and means to cut down, to destroy. See.

Hsia see. [Gradually the sovereigns of this dynasty, which had been founded under such brilliant auspices, began to degenerate, the climax being reached under the reign of 桀癸 Chieh Kuei, who came to the throne in B.C. 1818 and for many years indulged in cruel brutality and lust almost unparalleled in history.]

Kuo see.

Hao see.

Shang see. [Shang was further changed to 殷 Yin in B.C. 1401.]

Liu see.

Pai see.

Tsai see.

Chih see.

Chou is composed of 糸 ssŭ silk as radical, and what appears to be 寸 ts'un an inch but is really an abbreviation of 肘 chou elbow, as phonetic. It originally meant crupper, but here stands for 紂辛 Chou Hsin, who was under this Yin or Shang dynasty