Page:Eddington A. Space Time and Gravitation. 1920.djvu/76

60 Our first introduction of it, for the purpose of coordinating units of length and time, was merely conventional with a view to simplifying the algebraic expressions. Subsequently, considerable use has been made of the fact that nothing is known in physics which travels with greater speed, so that in practice our determinations of simultaneity depend on signals transmitted with this speed. If some new kind of ray with a higher speed were discovered, it would perhaps tend to displace light-signals and light-velocity in this part of the work, time-reckoning being modified to correspond; on the other hand, this would lead to greater complexity in the formulae, because the FitzGerald contraction which affects space-measurement depends on light-velocity. But the chief importance of the velocity of light is that no material body can exceed this velocity. This gives a general physical distinction between paths which are time-like and space-like, respectively—those which can be traversed by matter, and those which cannot. The material structure of the four-dimensional world is fibrous, with the threads all running along time-like tracks; it is a tangled warp without a woof. Hence, even if the discovery of a new ray led us to modify the reckoning of time and space, it would still be necessary in the study of material systems to preserve the present absolute distinction of time-like and space-like intervals, under a new name if necessary.

It may be asked whether it is possible for anything to have a speed greater than the velocity of light. Certainly matter cannot attain a greater speed; but there might be other things in nature which could. "Mr Speaker," said Sir Boyle Roche, "not being a bird, I could not be in two places at the same time." Any entity with a speed greater than light would have the peculiarity of Sir Boyle Roche's bird. It can scarcely be said to be a self-contradictory property to be in two places at the same time any more than for an object to be at two times in the same place. The perplexities of the quantum theory of energy sometimes seem to suggest that the possibility ought not to be overlooked; but, on the whole, the evidence seems to be against the existence of anything moving with a speed beyond that of light.

The standpoint of relativity and the principle of relativity