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 * 1) Exec. Order No. 14023, 86 Fed. Reg. 19,569 (Apr. 14, 2021) [hereinafter Exec. Order].
 * 2) Id.
 * 3) Id.
 * 4) Id.
 * 5) Joe Biden 60 Minutes Interview Transcript,  (Oct. 25, 2020), https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/joe-biden-60-minutes-interview-transcript.
 * 6) See, e.g., Bruce Ackerman, Opinion, Trust in the Justices of the Supreme Court Is Waning. Here Are Three Ways to Fortify the Court,  (Dec. 20, 2018), https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-ackerman-supreme-court-reconstruction-20181220-story.html (noting that partisan politics threaten to “destroy the court’s legitimacy in the coming decade”); Erwin Chemerinsky, With Kavanaugh Confirmation Battle, the Supreme Court’s Legitimacy Is in Question,  (Oct. 5, 2018), https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/california-forum/article219317565.html (noting a “cloud over the court’s legitimacy”); Press Release, Office of Sen. Mitch McConnell, McConnell on Court-Packing Commission: Disdain for Judicial Independence (Apr. 9, 2021), https://www.republicanleader.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/mcconnell-on-court-packing-commission-disdain-for-judicial-independence- (describing the Commission as “squarely within liberals’ years-long campaign to politicize the Court, intimidate its members, and subvert its independence”).
 * 7) Roll Call Vote on the Confirmation of Louis Brandeis, 1916,, https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/timeline/image/roll-call-vote-confirmation-louis-brandeis-1916#top.
 * 8) Senate Rejects Judge John J. Parker for the Supreme Court,, https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/nominations/judge-parker-nomination-rejected.htm.
 * 9) Matt Ford, Thurgood Marshall’s Patient but Relentless War,  (Sept. 6, 2017), https://www.theatlantic.com/membership/archive/2017/09/thurgood-marshalls-patient-but-relentless-war/538854/ (describing Justice Marshall’s confirmation process as a “national embarrassment”).
 * 10) See,  209–45 (2017); Alfonso A. Narvaez, Clement Haynsworth Dies at 77; Lost Struggle for High Court Seat,  (Nov. 23, 1989), https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/23/obituaries/clement-haynsworth-dies-at-77-lost-struggle-for-high court-seat.html (describing “a tense battle between the Nixon Administration and a coalition of labor and civil rights groups” that led to the failed confirmation of Judge Clement Haynsworth to the Supreme Court).
 * 11) See, e.g., Jackie Calmes, How Republicans Have Packed the Court for Years,  (June 22, 2021), https://time.com/6074707/republicans-courts-congress-mcconnell (describing “bare-knuckle tactics in the Senate” by Republicans to “stock … the federal bench at all levels with conservatives”).
 * 12) Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States 3 (July 20, 2021) (written testimony of Ilya Shapiro, Vice President & Dir., Robert A. Levy Ctr. for Const. Stud.), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Shapiro-Testimony.pdf.
 * 13) Id.
 * 14) Id.
 * 15) Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States 3 (July 20, 2021) (written testimony of Benjamin Wittes, Senior Fellow in Governance Studies, Brookings Inst.) [hereinafter Wittes Testimony], https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Wittes-Testimony.pdf.
 * 16) Id.