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Rh men was held up and 19 of the number shot, and also the raid on Columbus, Tex., in March 1916, when the city was fired and 17 of the inhabitants killed. A punitive expedition under Gen. Pershing crossed the border March 16, and operated in the bor- der states for n months, but did not succeed in capturing Villa. After Obregon's seizure of the presidential power in 1920 Villa was eliminated from political and military activity, and settled in the hacienda La Canutilla, Durango. (H. I. P.)

VILLARI, PASQUALE (1827-1917), Italian historian and statesman (see 28.76), was invested in 1910 with the order of the Annunziata. He died at Florence Dec. 5 1917.

VINCENT, GEORGE EDGAR (1864- ), American educationist, was born at Rockford, 111., March 21 1864. He was a son of John Heyl Vincent (d. 1920), a bishop of the Methodist Epis- copal Church and one of the founders of the Chautauqua Assembly in 1874 (see 6.19). After graduating from Yale in 1885 he began editorial work and in 1886 was made literary editor of the Chautauqua Press. Henceforth he was active in the work at Chautauqua, was president of the Chautauqua Institution from 1907 to 1915 and thereafter honorary president. In 1892 he was appointed fellow at the university of Chicago, receiving his Ph.D. in 1896. He taught at Chicago as instructor, assistant professor, associate professor, and from 1904 to 1911 as professor of sociology. He was dean of the junior colleges from 1900 to 1907 and then for four years was dean of the faculties of arts, literature and sciences. From 1911 to 1917 he was president of the university of Minnesota. In 1917 he was chosen president of the Rockefeller Foundation in New York City; he had been a member of the General Education Board since 1914. He was author of An Introduction to the Study of Society (1895, with Albion W. Small) and The Social Mind and Education (1897).

VINOGRADOFF, SIR PAUL (1854- ), Anglo-Russian jurist (see 28.100), was knighted in 1917. His more recent works include Common Sense in Law (Home University Library, 1914), Self -Government in Russia (1915), and editions of various works for the British Academy and Selden Society. During the World War he gave valuable assistance to the British Foreign Office in connexion with Russian affairs.

VINTON, FREDERIC PORTER (1846-1911), American por- trait painter (see 28.101), died in Boston, Mass., May 19 1911.

VIRGINIA (see 28.117). The pop. in 1920 was 2,309,187; an increase since 1910 of 247,575, or I2 %> as against an increase for the decade 1900-10 of 207,428, or 11-2%. Negroes numbered 690,017, as compared with 671,096 in 1910. The urban pop. (in places having more than 2,500 inhabitants) was in 1920 29-2% and in 1910 23-1% of the whole.

The pop. of the principal cities and its increase were:

1920

1910

Percentage Increase

Richmond.

171,667

127,628

34-5

Norfolk

"5,777

67,452

71-6

Portsmouth

54,387

33,190

63-9

Roanoke

50,842

34,874

45-8

Newport News.

35-596

20,205

76-2

Petersburg.

31,012

24,127

28-5

Lynchburg.

30,070

29,494

2-O

Danville

21,539

19,020

13-2

Alexandria.

18,060

15,329

17-8

The great increase in Newport News, Norfolk and Portsmouth was largely due to industries related to the World War.

Agriculture. In 1920 Virginia ranked as twenty-third state in value of agricultural products, $187,038,000 as compared with {100,531,000 in 1908. The production of the staple crops was:

1920

1909

Corn (bus.).

50,100,000

38,295,141

Wheat "

11,425,000

8,076,989

Oats "...

4,818,000

2,284,495

Rye "...

864,000

438,345

Barley "...

405,000

253,649

Buckwheat (bus.)

540,000

332,222

Tobacco (Ib.)

I77;390,ooo

132,979,390

Hay (tons).

1,235,000

823,383

Peanuts (bus.).

4,416,000

4,284,340

Potatoes "

13,608,000

8,770,778

Cotton (bales).

19,000

10,480

An important element was the increased activity of the State Department of Agriculture. In addition to seed testing and the inspection of fertilizers a division of markets was established and plants were opened to supply lime to farmers at cost. Fruit crops in 1920 were large, the production of apples being 15,210,000 bus., peaches 1,470,000 and pears 296,000.

Minerals. The mining and quarrying industry in 1919 showed a considerable increase since 1909 in the number of enterprises, a slight increase in the capital invested, and a large increase in the value of products. But there was a decrease in the number of individual mines and quarries and a slight decrease in the number of persons engaged in the industry. The statistics were:

1919

1909

Per cent Increase

Enterprises .... Mines and quarries. Persons engaged Wage earners Capital .... Value of products

202 216

15,537 H.547 $57,035.775 29.363.449

15 244 15,960

15.257 $55-992,693 8,795,646

34-7 -ii-S -2-7

-4-7 1-9 233-8

Virginia in 1920 was the leading state in the production of iron pyrites and soapstpne, third in the production of lime and man- ganese, and sixth in mineral waters. The figures for mining and mineral water industries in 1919 were as follows:

Estabs.

Capital

Product

Coal ....

109

$48,978,261

9,111,454 tons

Iron ....

!4

895,555

308,000

Manganese

47

2,489,400

13,665 "

Mineral waters

18

848,283

1.745,105 gal.

Pyrites

5

2,550,854

143,427 tons (1918)

Soapstone.

4

617,887

$527-524

Millstones, and sand

and gravel

6

522,152

$733,074

Slate ....

3,654,000

$264,275

Miscellaneous ores.

1,587,491

1,313439 tons

Lime ....

26,700 "

Manufactures. Manufacturing industries made less progress than agriculture between 1910 and 1920. The following statistics for 1919 are the preliminary figures of the I4th Census; those for 1909 from the I3th Census:

1919

1909

Establishments. Capital invested. Materials .... Value of products Value added by manufacture Wage earners (average)

5,603 $464,517,000 372,041,000 641,810,000 269,769,000 119,368

5,685 $216,392,000 155.320,000 219,794,000 108,719,000 105,676

Government. Between 1910 and 1920 10 amendments to the state constitution were adopted. Local government was the subject of four amendments. In 1910 the state constitution was amended to permit the re-election of county treasurers and commissioners of revenue, and in 1912 another amendment permitted the re-election of city treasurers and commissioners of revenue. In 1912 the Legislature was empowered to classify cities according to population and to provide forms of city and town government, but cities with over 50,000 pop. were permitted to have special forms of government. Under this amendment the Legislature provided for general charters under the commission, or manager, form, but in 1920 another amendment was ratified which permitted Legislature to provide special forms of government for any city on condition that the sections of the constitution regarding franchises, changes in city boundaries, public debts and the assessment of property were not violated. In 1920 another amendment removed the requirement of residence within the municipality as qualification for appointment to office in a city government when technical training was requisite. In 1920, also, the construction of roads was made a proper subject for state debt, and other amendments bearing on education were adopted.

Finance. The valuation of property assessed for taxation in 1910 was $756,194,480; in 1920 it was $1,459,762,653. In 1910 the.public debt was $24,956,959 ; in 1919 it was $23, 561, 823. In 1910 the state's income and disbursements combined were $11,333,490; in 1920 they were $18,442,324. The long-standing controversy between Virginia and West Virginia concerning the division of the state debt as it existed in 1860 was finally settled in 1915 by the Supreme Court of the United States. The amount to be assumed by the state of West Virginia was fixed at $12,393,929 (see WEST VIRGINIA). Between 1910 and 1920 notable reforms were made in taxation and financial administration. A special tax commission was appointed in 1910 to recommend measures for the segregation of property for taxation. In 1912 the commission recommended the establishment of a permanent tax commission with power to investigate and to submit plans. A second special commission was then appointed; in 1915 a majority report recommended a revision of assessments