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Rh Telephone and Telegraph Co., which in 1900 acquired the American Bell Telephone Co. In 1887 because of ill health Vail retired and spent the next nine years in travel and on his farm at Lyndonville, Vt. During a visit to S. America he became interested in traction problems and in 1896 installed an electric railway system in Buenos Ayres, and later introduced telephone systems in many S. American cities, enlisting British capital for these enterprises. In 1904 he retired to his farm but in 1907 was again induced to accept the presidency of the American Telephone and Telegraph Co. When this company in 1910 bought control of the Western Union Telegraph Co., Vail was made president of the latter also, and introduced many changes, including " night letters " at reduced rates. When in 1914, as the result of a threatened suit by the Government, the Western Union was again segregated, Vail remained president of his old company. After the taking over of the wires in Aug. 1918 by the Government as a war measure, fye was appointed adviser by the Postmaster- General and urged unified control of all cables, telegraphs and telephones. When the wires were returned in 1919 to private ownership he was elected chairman of the board of directors of the American Telephone and Telegraph Co. In 1920 the gross earningsof the company were $io3,946,988,netearnings$7o,686,- 904, number of miles of wire owned 23,377,404. Vail died in Baltimore April 16 1920. The value of his estate was estimated at about $2,000,000. He left $100,000 each to Princeton and Dartmouth, and $200,000 to be divided equally among Phillips Exeter Academy, Middlebury College, Harvard, and the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology. To the last named he left also his large collection of books on electricity.

See A. B. Paine, In One Man's Life (1921). VAMBERY, ARMINIUS (1832-1913), Hungarian Orientalist and traveller (see 27.876*), died at Budapest Sept. 4 1913. VANBRUGH, IRENE (1872- ), and VIOLET (1867- ), English actresses, youngest and eldest daughters respectively of the Rev. R. N. Barnes, Prebendary of Exeter cathedral. VIOLET VANBRUGH was born at Exeter June n 1867, and married Mr. Arthur Bourchier, the actor, in 1894, their marriage being dissolved in 1918. She first appeared in London at the Criterion theatre in 1886, and later toured with Toole. In 1889 she was with the Kendals both in London and in America, and in 1892 played Anne Boleyn at the Lyceum in HenryTrving's production of Henry VIII. After her marriage she played leading parts in many of her husband's productions, both in Shakespearean and modern drama. Amongst her roles may be mentioned Queen Katherine, Portia, Lady Macbeth (which she also played in 1911 at His Majesty's theatre), Yanetta in The Arm of the Law. and the heroines of many modern comedies by Sutro, Henry Arthur Jones and others.

IRENE VANBRUGH was born at Exeter Dec. 2 1872 and married Mr. Dion Boucicault (b. 1859), the actor, in 1901. She first appeared in London at the Globe theatre in Alice in Wonderland. Like her sister she played with Toole, remaining with him for four years and touring with him in Australia. Subsequently she acted with George Alexander at the St. James's theatre, with Arthur Bourchier at the Royalty and with Charles Wyndham at the Criterion in Jones's play The Liars. Her first notable suc- cesses were as Sophy Fullgarney in Pinero's The Gay Lord Quex (1899), Letty Shell in his Letty (1904) and Nina Jesson in His House in Order (1906). She also appeared with distinction in various short plays by Barrie, especially Rosalind and The Twelve Pound Look, and in other modern dramas.

VANCOUVER (see 27.883), in British Columbia, the chief Pacific port of the Dominion of Canada, was estimated to have a population of nearly 200,000 (the suburbs of North Vancouver, South Vancouver and Point Grey included) at the end of 1920. Vancouver proper had a population of 100,400 in 1911. As the natural western outlet for the Prairie Provinces, Vancouver had expected to gain materially by the opening of the Panama Canal. Not until the spring of 1921 was the first cargo of wheat carried to England by sea direct from Vancouver, but the success of that experiment made probable a speedy development of a new trade for the British Columbian port.

With one of the finest natural harbours in the world Vancouver has grown in importance as a port during recent years. Already the terminal point for British, Australasian and Asiatic terminal lines, Vancouver was the prospective terminal in 1921 for a new Pacific line to be inaugurated by the Canadian National Rail- ways. Government contracts had then been let for further improvements on Burrard Inlet (the chief of Vancouver's three harbours) for greater dockage and for a system of car ferries crossing the Inlet to carry freight from the city to North Van- couver without transfer. In 1920-1 the Canadian Pacific rail- way built a pier of concrete and steel, equipped with all modern freight-handling devices, at a cost of $1,500,000.

The Dominion Government in recent years has erected a grain elevator with a capacity of 1,250,000 bushels. Shipbuilding became a prominent industry during the years of the World War and as many as 5,000 men were at one time employed in the shipbuilding yards. In 1920 Vancouver had approximately 543 industries em- ploying 28,800 people. They included lumber and shingle mills, pulp and paper mills, salmon, halibut and herring fisheries, foundries and structural steel works, sugar refineries, shipyards, etc. The out- put in 1917 was $57,172,309. Clearing-house returns for Vancouver in 1919 were $577,670,063. In that year 108,111,090 ft. of lumber were exported by sea. The customs revenue in 1920 amounted to $9,202,940. Exports in that year were $39,535,283, and imports $49,256,913. Shipping passing through the port in 1919 was approxi- mately 23,000 vessels of 10,691,411 tons register. Building was quiescent for several years preceding 1919. In that year the building permits amounted to $2,271,411. Shaughnessy Heights is a wealthy suburb developed since 1911 by the Canadian Pacific railway.

The foundation of the university of British Columbia brought about a closing down of the British Columbia branch of McGill University and a transfer of the staff, equipment, etc., of the latter to the new college. The newly founded university made use at first of temporary buildings in the city, but just before the war secured extensive grounds for a campus and buildings at Port Grey. Con- struction was delayed by the war but was begun in 1921.

Granville I., a large block of reclaimed land near the retail business district, has of late years been providing excellent sites for industries, such sites being served with trackage, wharfage, electric power, etc.

VANDERLIP, FRANK ARTHUR (1864- ), American bank- er, was born at Aurora, Ill., Nov. 17 1864. After leaving the public schools he studied for a time at the university of Illinois and at the old university of Chicago. In 1889 he became a reporter on the Chicago Tribune and in 1890 was made its financial editor, but resigned in 1894 to accept the associate editorship of the Economist, a paper published weekly in Chicago. His contributions to it attracted wide attention and he was fre- quently called upon to deliver addresses. On March 4 1897 he became private secretary to the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, Lyman J. Gage, and four months later was appointed by Presi- dent McKinley assistant Secretary of the Treasury. On resigning in 1901 he was elected vice-president of the National City Bank, of New York City, and in 1909 president, serving in the latter capacity for ten years. Before taking up his work in 1901 he spent a year in Europe studying financial and industrial conditions. When the War Savings Committee was appointed by Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo, to promote the sale of War Savings Certificates during the World War, he was made chairman, serving from Sept. 1917 to Sept. 1918. He was chairman of the board of directors of the American Industrial Corporation and director in many organizations, including the Haskell & Barker Car Co., the Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co., and the Union Pacific R.R. Co. He was a trustee of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. He was the author of The American Commercial Invasion of Europe (1902, the result of his studies in Europe); Business and Education (1907); Modern Banking (1911) and What Happened to Europe (1919).

VAN DYKE, HENRY (1852- ), American writer, was born at Germantown, Pa., Nov. 10 1852. He studied at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, and after graduating from Princeton in 1873 and from the Princeton Theological School in 1877, he spent two years at the university of Berlin. In 1879 he was ; ordained a Presbyterian minister, was for three years stationed at Newport, R.I., and from 1883 to 1900 was pastor of the Brick Presbyterian Church, New York City. In this capacity his; preaching gave him a national reputation. From 1900 he was; professor of English literature at Princeton. During 1902-3

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