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Rh frontier marched with that of German E. Africa, and for some time it was defended only by a few policemen and mobs of undisciplined spearmen. The Germans, however, let the op- portunity pass, and only outpost actions were fought. With the launching of the Belgian offensive in April 1916 Uganda ceased to be in the sphere of active operations. The chief service rendered by Uganda in the E. Africa campaign was the raising of over 10,000 African soldiers, the formation of a native

i medical corps this corps was formed through the efforts of

Sir Apollo Kagwa, prime minister of Buganda the supply of

over 60,000 trained carriers and some 100,000 " job porters "

(see EAST AFRICA CAMPAIGN).

The Baganda, Banyoro, Busoga and other races, throughout,

i gave the British authorities prompt and continuous aid. The

Buganda Government at once mobilized every militarily-fit man.

This was done by direction of the Kabaka (King) Daudi Chwa

(b. 1896), who "came of age" four days after war began.

During the war some trouble was caused in the Kigezi district

' by the Nabingi, an anti-white society, which took a sheep as totem, put 2,000 warriors in the field and attacked impartially British, Belgian and German troops. The trouble originated in Ruanda, then under German rule. It was temporarily stopped by the sacred sheep being captured, shot and burnt, but in 1920 the Nabingi, with a new leader and a new sacred sheep, again gave trouble. This society was the only instance of anti-white feeling in Uganda, and affected only a minute part of the protectorate.

On Sir F. J. Jackson's retirement after 23 years' service in E. Africa, Mr. (afterwards Sir) R. T. Corydon was appointed governor (Nov. 1917). A notable event in 1920 was a visit by

1 the Rev. John Roscoe, the chief authority on Baganda ethnology, to study the lesser known tribes of the protectorate.

The problems with which Sir R. T. Corydon had to deal were largely economic and social. The rise in the value, in 1919, of the rupee and the decision of the Colonial Office in 1920 to fix its exchange at 25. sterling affected Uganda less perhaps than Kenya Colony, but caused a disturbance of trade, while the great fall in the price of cotton from the middle of 1920 onward seriously affected the industry. The introduction by order of the Colonial Office of the differential treatment of Indians enforced in Kenya was another disturbing influence. (See KENYA COLONY.) A step forward in the political status of the protectorate was the creation of a Legislative Council, to which various sections of the community nominated members. The first session of the Council was held on March 23, 1921. The Indian community, in view of the action of the Colonial Office, declined to send a representative to the Council.

See H. R. Wallis, The Handbook of Uganda (2nd ed. 1920), an excellent monograph, by a former chief secretary to the Uganda Government, with bibliography; Maj. E. M. Jack, On the Congo Frontier (1914); Rev. J. Roscoe, The Northern Bantu (1915); R. Kmunke, Quer durch Uganda (1913); R. Lorimer, By the Waters of Africa (1917). (F. R. C.)

UHDE, FRITZ KARL HERMANN VON (1848-1911), German painter (see 27.563), died at Munich Feb. 26 1911.

UKRAINE (see 27.564). In its more recent application the name of Ukraine refers to a region of south-eastern Europe, embracing districts of South Russia and former Austria-Hungary which are said to be predominantly Ukrainian-speaking and which should, it is claimed, for this reason form an autonomous State. The boundary of this territory was in 1921 undefined, but, broadly speaking, the claim was that it extended from the mouth of the river Dniester in a north-westerly direction to the neighbourhood of Cracow, thence running roughly N. towards Byelostok, then E. slightly by S. to the Volga, then S.S.W. to near Rostov, S.E. to the Caspian Sea and W. to the Black Sea. The independence of Russian Ukraine, the eastern section of this territory, was proclaimed in Nov. 1917, and that of Austrian (western) Ukraine in Nov. 1918; and in Jan. 1919 eastern and western Ukraine united as a " Republic of the Ukrainian People."

The total pop. of this " ethnographic Ukraine," according to the census estimate of Jan. 1914, was 46,012,000, giving a

density of 62.3 per sq. km.; of these 32,662,000 were classified as Ukrainians, 5,376,800 Russians, 2,079,500 Poles, 3,975,760 Jews, 871,270 Germans, 435,24 Rumanians and 32,960 Hun- garians; or, according to religion, Ukrainian-Orthodox Church 30,653,000, Greek Catholic 6,847,000, Russian Orthodox 4,500,000, Jewish 3,976,000, Roman Catholic 2,000,000 and Protestant 800,000.

The accompanying table shows in fuller detail the area and pop. of the various districts composing the territory, in which, according to the 1914 estimate, the Ukrainian-speaking people are claimed to be in a majority, either absolutely or relatively.

Country.

Province (Govern- ment).

Area in sq. km.

Population.

Total.

Ukrainian- speaking.

Per- cent- age.

Russia

Chelm

(Kholm)

10,455

841,800

447,650

53

Grodno

13-701

715,600

443,370

62

Minsk

19,953

469,700

355,920

76

Volhynia.

7L735

4,189,000

2,936,080

69

Podolia

42,016

4,057,300

3,282,680

80

Kiev.

50,957

4,792,500

3,746,310

78

Chernigov.

38.334

2,234,700

2,050,350

90

Poltava

45,893

3,792,100

3,523,720

92

Kharkov.

54,492

3,416,800

2,743,710

80

Kursk

. 10,531

780,250

440,190

56

Voronezh.

28,890

1,519,950

1,150,310

76

Don (terri-

tory of)

20,861

1,196,600

580,970

48

Stavropol.

17,397

492,500

248,100

50

Kuban

53,i6o

1,763,800

1,078,460

61

Taurida

35,064

1,763,800

805,900

46

Ekaterinos-

lav

63,392

3,455,500

2,366,280

68

Rumania

Kherson. Bessarabia

70,798 11,988

3,774,600 787,700

1,977,030 319,210

53 4

Austria- Hungary (former)

(Galicia I Bukovina. [Hungary.

54,577 5,276 6,347

5,378,650 460,430 568,490

3,415,000 301,150 440,630

64 65

78

Total,

Ethno-

graphic

Ukraine

739,162

46,012,000

32,662,000

71%

Language. The Ukrainians claim to have a national language of their own, distinct from the Russian and Polish languages. Mr. Ralph Butler, in his New Eastern Europe (1919), says: " Whether Ukrainian is a dialect of Russian or a separate language is a vexed question. But if Ukrainian was a dialect in 1914 it is a separate language now: for whatever may be the ultimate destiny of the two great divisions of the Russian people the events of 1917-8 have carved lines which are beyond effacement in the ethnical development of the Ukrainian race. As written by the Nationalists, Ukrainian differs considerably in appearance from Russian; it discards six of the Russian letters and uses three which Russian has not got. The Nationalists have purposely made the orthography as different from the Russian as possible. They have created a neo-Ukrainian literary language from which they have excluded as far as possible all Great-Russian technical terms." The people furthermore claim to have a national culture of their own.

The Ukrainian Movement. Briefly the history of the Ukrain- ian Movement down to 1914 is to all intents and purposes the history of the Ruthenians (see 23.939), inhabiting the eastern parts of Galicia, of which province they constituted slightly less than half the population. Though subservient to the Polish majority in Galicia, the Ruthenians constituted the intellectual centre for the Ukrainian Movement. The books which were not allowed to be published in Russia were published in Lemberg and Cernowitz, and eastern Galicia became the chief centre of Ukrainian propaganda.

By the Treaty of Pereyaslavl, 1654, the Ukraine received independence, but acknowledged the Tsar as protector of the republic. By this treaty the Ukraine retained complete self- government and the right of maintaining its own diplomatic representatives abroad. By degrees, however, its autonomous