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716 The value of vegetables sold in 1919 was $27,947,250 and of fruits and nuts $7,888,912; the values respectively in 1909 were $10,430,975 and $4,486,281. Of the chief domestic animals on farms in 1920 and 1910 the number and value were as follows:

Number

Value

Horses.

1920

317,921

$35,582,960

"

1910

349,709

39,320,044 '

Mules.

1920

352-510

51,042,649

ii

1910

240,282

32,489,724

Cattle.

. . 1920

1,161,846

51,370,208



1910

996,529

20,690,718

Sheep.

1920

364,196

4,021,678

it

1910

795,033

3,009,196

Swine.

1920

1,832,307

19,477-775



IQIO

1,387.938

7,329.622

In 1920 there were 11,835,303 fowls valued at $10,591,690, and 191,898 hives of bees valued at $698,258. In 1919 the reported milk production was 1 15, 119,224 gal.; the value of milk, cream, and butter fat sold and of butter and cheese made was $20,640,849. The office of inspector of apiaries was created in 1911. The Smoky Mountain area (59,213 ac. in Blount and Sevier counties) and the White Top area (33,619 ac. in Johnson and Sullivan counties and Washington CO., Va.) were approved for purchase in 1912 by the National Forest Reservation Commission under the Federal Act of March I 1911 to, preserve upland watersheds. In 1920 254,118 ac. of farm land were reported as provided with drainage and 640,479 as needing drainage. Capital invested in drainage enterprises, Dec. 31 1919, totalled $2,925,944. On that date there were completed 777 m. of open ditches and 42 m.of levees; there were under construction 135 m. of open ditches and 10 m. of levees. Most of these enterprises are in the western division of the state, where the tributaries of the Mississippi are utilized. The above figures do not include private supplementary works installed by individual farmers.

Mineral Products. Tennessee produces most of the copper mined in the southern states. Its entire product of copper, gold, and silver comes from mines worked primarily for copper in Polk county. Lead production, first reported in 1915 (1,660 lb.), amounted to 4,376,000 lb. in 1919. In the latter year gold was valued at $5,662. The silver output was 98,288 oz.; copper 15,623,589 lb.; zinc 47,494,- ooo lb. Because of strikes the coal amounted to only about 5,000,000 tons. The demands of the World War led to the working of known manganese deposits in 16 counties. In 1916 oil was discovered in Scott county, and later some producing wells were drilled. In 1919 the Bankers Petroleum Co., of New York, obtained large tracts of land in Robertson and Dickson counties, a promising shallow-oil field. In 1910 natural gas was found near Franklin. In 1919 the production of phosphate rock was 473,985 tons.

Manufactures, The product of manufactures remains relatively small, the value of 1914 being less than I % of the total for the United States. Their growth between 1909 and 1914 was as follows:

1914

1909

Establishments. Wage-earners Capital ... .. Salaries ... .. Wages ... .. Cost of materials Value of product Value added by manufacture.

4-775 74-373 $211,423,167 11,828,691 33,082,987

123,430,135 212,071,489 88,641,354

4,609 73.840 $167,923,784 9,186,243 28,251,591 104,015,834 180,216,548 76,200,714

In 1914 lumber and timber products still led, having a value of $31,430,208. Flour-mill and grist-mill products were valued at $26,413,574; cottonseed oil and cake $11,414,243. There were nine other industries each with a product valued at over $4,000,000; food preparations; foundry and machine-shop products; general shop construction and repairs by steam railway companies; printing and publishing; hosiery and knit goods; cotton goods; patent medi- cines and druggists' preparations; fertilizers; bakery products. In 1914 84-6% of the average number of wage-earners were males over 16 years old, 13-6% females, and 1-8% children under 16. In 1909 the respective figures were 85-3%, 11-3%, and 3-3%.

Transportation. On Jan. I 1919 the total railway mileage of the state was 4,083 m., or 9-79 m. per 100 sq. m. of territory. The chief railways were: Louisville and Nashville 952 m.; Nashville, Chat- tanooga and St. Louis 903 m.; Southern railway 891 m.; Tennessee Central 291 m.; Illinois Central 143 miles.

Finance. The balance in the state Treasury Jan. I 1918 was $368,818. Receipts for 1918 were $7,954,650 and disbursements $7,481,756, leaving a balance, Dec. 20 1918, of $841,682. On the same date the total bonded debt was $11,481,000. On Dec. 20 1912 the balance in the state Treasury was $317,270 and the bonded debt $15,218,600. The number of all reporting banks, June 30 1920, was 546; aggregate resources $489, 162,000; capital stock paid in $35,041,- 900; individual deposits $312,222,000.

Education. By an Act of 1909 state normal schools were estab- lished in Johnson City, Memphis, Murfreesboro, and (for negroes) at Nashville. In Jan. 1911 Bruce R. Payne (b. 1874) was elected president of the George Peabody College for teachers in Nashville.

Later in the year this college was moved from South Nashville to a new site adjoining the campus of Vanderbilt University. Arrange- ments were made for an interchange of courses of instruction between the two institutions. In 1918 the total school pop. was 790,- 959. The enrolment in the public schools was 604,633 and the average daily attendance 418,709 (368,888 in 1912). The number of teachers was 11,880, of whom 8,375 were women. In 1919 the compulsory school age was raised from 14 to 16 years.

History. In 1910 Benjamin W. Hooper (b. 1870) was elected; governor, following a serious split in the Democratic party over the prohibition question. He was the only Republican elected to state office, and was the first Republican governor since; 1883. He took a strong stand for prohibition. The Democratic' Legislature displayed much opposition to the governor, and his inauguration was delayed through lack of a quorum until Jan. 25! 1911. The regular Democrats passed a bill depriving the gov-; crnor of the power of appointing the state board of elections, and raising the number of members from three to seven. The bill was vetoed by the governor, and to prevent its passage over the veto the Republicans and independent Democrats migrated) to Alabama, where they remained until acquiescence in the veto; was forced. The governor also vetoed a bill giving $500 addi- tional salary to each member of the Legislature, but approved an amended bill reducing the increase to $200. In 1911 the Legisla- ture chose Luke Lea (b.i879) to succeed U.S. Senator James B. 1 Frazier. In 1912 Hooper was renominated for governor and was 1 reelected over Benton McMillin (b. 1845; governor 1899-1903),! the Democratic candidate. Robert Love ("Bob") Taylor; (b. 1850), U.S. Senator since 1907, died March 31 1912. He was ' a representative in Congress 1879-81, governor 1887-91 andi 1897-9, and unsuccessful candidate for governor 1910. He was: long a picturesque figure in state politics and widely known as a \ popular lecturer. In the gubernatorial campaign in 1886 his Republican opponent was his own brother Alfred Alexander j (" Alf ") Taylor (see below). They stumped the state together, Bob everywhere winning favour by his stories and folk songs and his " fiddle." As his successor to the Senate the Legislature in 1913 chose John K. Shields (b. 1858), a member of the state; Supreme Court since 1902 and Chief Justice since 1910. Another > prominent politician, James D. Porter (b. 1828), governor j 1875-9, died May 8 1912. In July 1915 the city of Nashville was I placed in the hands of a receiver, as the result of the disappear- ance of the city's cash books covering the period 1908-12, and in 1916 the mayor was removed from office for remissness of duty. In Nov. 1915 the mayor of Memphis, the commissioner of fire and police, and the judge of the municipal court were removed from office for failure to enforce the prohibition law. In the presidential election of 1916 Wilson received 152,955 votes and Hughes 116,257. In 1920 Harding received 219,829 votes and Cox 206,558. For the first time since 1868 the Republican presidential candidate carried the state. A Republican governor also was elected, " Alf " Taylor, brother of the former Demo- cratic governor. Taylor received 229,463 votes as against 182,836 for A. H. Roberts, who had been renominated by the Democrats.

Proposals made by the Legislature to call a constitutional convention were defeated in 1916, 1917 and 1920. In Sept. 1916 a new bridge across the Mississippi at Memphis was opened. An Act prohibiting the manufacture of intoxicating liquor in the state became effective Jan. i 1910; in Oct. 1913 Gov. Hooper called a special session of the Legislature and secured passage of the so-called nuisance bill, intended to close every saloon in the state, forbidding the sale of intoxicating liquor within four miles of any school; in 1915 provision was made for removal from office of state, county, or city officials who failed to enforce the prohibition law; on Feb. 2 1917 Gov. Rye signed a bill forbidding the importation of liquor into the state. The hours of labour for women were reduced to 58 per week after Jan. i 1914 and to 57 after Jan. i 1915. In 1913 for the first time the reporting of accidents was required, wherever persons were employed; pro- vision was made for enforcing the installation of additional "fire escapes in factories; and a department of workshop and factory inspection was created. The same year an Act was passed