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Rh tion of tuberculosis was transferred to the university. In 1912 the college was divided into three separate departments the college, the Towne scientific school, and the Wharton school of finance and commerce. In 1914 the school of education was established, with a four-year course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Education; since then there has been held every spring at the university " Schoolmen's week," and teachers from all over the state assemble to take part in conferences and discussions. By a merger in 1916 the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia became an integral part of the university as its graduate school of medicine, and in 1918 another merger was effected with the Philadelphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medicine. In 1917 a course in military science was established to qualify students for commissions as reserve officers. In 1920 the laboratory of hygiene and public health became the school of hygiene and public health.

During the decade 1910-20 there were many developments in the widening of the university's usefulness to the community through the establishment of extension schools. In 19201 the university had 964 officers of instruction, of whom 302 were in the college, and 213 in the department of medicine. The enrolment was 1 1,182 students, including 2,652 women, of whom 753 were in the college (arts and science); 29 in biology; 780 in the college course for teachers; 1,281 in the summer school; 638 in the Towne scientific school; 2,277 > n the Wharton school of finance and commerce; 1,439 > n the evening school of accounts and finance; 996 in the extension schools; 760 in the school of education; 218 in the school of fine arts; 657 in the graduate school; 191 in the law school; 433 in the medical school; 101 in the graduate school of medicine; 735 in the school of dentistry; 30 in the school of veterinary medicine, and 6 in the school of hygiene ami public health (duplications, 142).

Beginning with 1920 the tuition fees were raised from 8200 to $250 in the college, the Towne school, the Wharton school, in educa- tion, law, dentistry, and hygiene; from 200 to $300 in medicine; and from Sioo to 8150 in veterinary medicine. In 1920-1 the income from tuition fees was $1,425,000; the payment for " educational salaries " amounted to 1,425,000, and for other salaries and wages 8678,000. In June 1920 the excess of the university's assets over its liabilities was 26,000,000, and the donations for the year were $278,000. The total value of real estate (including the university's buildings) was $11,486,000; and libraries, museums, apparatus and furniture were valued at 83,645,000. The university library, in- cluding numerous special collections, contained about 500,000 bound volumes and 50,000 pamphlets. A question of paramount importance concerning the future policy of the university was settled in 1921, when the trustees, in accordance with the overwhelming sentiment of the alumni, resolved that the university should continue as a private institution and not surrender its independence, as had been proposed, by becoming a state university with consequent super- vision by the official representatives of the state Government.

In 1921 Gen. Leonard Wood (q.v.) was elected " head of the uni- versity under such appropriate title as may be hereafter agreed upon." Later in the year Gen. Wood was appointed governor-gen- eral of the Philippines, and was granted a year's leave of absence before assuming his duties at the university. During the World War 9,204 students and alumni of the university saw service, of whom 7,41 1 were in the army, 856 in the navy, 827 in auxiliary service, and no in the armies of America's Allies. Of these 212 died for their country's cause. (E. F. S.*)

PENSION (see 21.118). The following summary shows the chief pension legislation in the United States during 1908-20. Legislation in Great Britain regarding pensions is described in tb.2 article following this: PENSIONS MINISTRY. An Act of March 4 1909 provided that under direction of the Commissioner of Pensions the expenses of last sickness and burial of deceased pensioners should be reimbursed. An Act of May 1 1 1912 granted $30 per month to honourably discharged men who had served 60 days or more in military or naval service during the Mexican War. An Act of Feb. 19 1913 granted $20 per month thereafter to survivors of Indian wars named in earlier Acts. An Act of March 3 1915 provided double pension in case of death of an officer or enlisted man of the navy or marine corps, or for disa- bility of an enlisted man, resulting from an aviation accident. An Act of April 27 1916 granted a special pension of $10 per month for life to persons whose names are entered on the "Army or Navy Medal of Honor Roll." An Act of Aug. 29 1916 granted double pension for disability or death of a student-flyer of the navy or marine corps due to an aviation accident. This Act also repealed Section 4716 of the Revised Statutes, which made disloy- alty in the Civil War a bar to a pension. An Act of Sept. 81916

granted $20 per month to the widow of a Civil War veteran who was his lawful wife during the period of his service, and the same rate to the widow of a veteran of the Civil War, Mexican War, and War of 1812, on reaching the age of 70 years. An Act of Oct. 6 1917 provided a payment of $2 5 per month thereafter for wid- ows of officers or enlisted men of army, navy, or marine corps, who served in the Civil War, in the Spanish-American War or in the Philippine insurrection; this Act was amended June 25 1918 making existing pension laws inapplicable to persons in active service on Oct. 6 1917, or entering it thereafter, except in so far as rights under any such law had theretofore accrued. An Act of July 16 1918 granted widows of officers or enlisted men, volun- teers and regulars, who served 90 days or more in the Spanish- American War, Philippine insurrection, or Chinese Boxer rebel- lion, if without means of support other than daily labour and an actual net income not exceeding $250 per year, $12 per month and $2 per month additional for each child under sixteen. In case of death or remarriage of the widow, the whole pension goes to any child or children under 16 years of age. An Act of Dec. 24 1919 provided that no one should draw both pension and com- pensation under war risk insurance (see below). The War Risk Insurance Act was made effective as of April 6 1917. An Act of May I 1920 granted $50 per month from that date to persons on the roll because of Mexican War or Civil War service; and $72 to those so nearly blind or helpless as to require personal aid and attendance; also increasing rates of pension for certain permanent specific disabilities. This Act granted $30 per month to widows of men who served in the War of 1812 or the Mexican War, also to widows, married prior to June 27 1905, of men who served in the Civil War and to certain remarried widows, with $6 per month additional for each child under 16 years. In case of death or remarriage of widow, the whole pension goes to any child or children under 16 years. This Act also increased the pension to army nurses of the Civil War, and dependent parents of Civil War soldiers, to $30 per month. An Act of June 5 1920 granted pensions ranging from $12 to $30 to soldiers and sailors who served 90 days or more in the Spanish-American War, Philippine insurrection, or China Relief Expedition, under cer- tain conditions as to service, the rate depending upon degree of disability or age attained; this Act also increased rates of pen- sion for certain permanent specific disabilities.

The following table, furnished by the Commissioner of Pen- sions, shows the number of pensioners on the roll at the close of the fiscal year, June 30 1921, together with disbursements of pensions for that year:

Sol- diers

Wid- ows.etc.

Total

Disbursements

Civil War. _ . Spanish-American War War of 1812 Mexican War. Indian Wars. . . Regular Establishment World War.

218,775 31,066

109

3,784 13,832 63

281,327 8,216 64 2,135 2,569 4,081

32

500,102 39,282 64 2,244 6,353 17,913 95

$246,584,639.64 6,171,569.82 24,160.21 888,024.64 1,565,862.41 3,456,191.45 25,394-37

Total

267,629

298,424

566.053

8258,715,842.54

By an Act of May 22 1920 provision was made for the retire- ment of Civil Service employees and for payment to them of certain annuities based on amount of salary, length of service and age or disability. The annuity fund is created in part by the deduction of 2%% from the salaries of employees. The minimum annuity is $180 per year, the maximum $720. This law is ad- ministered by the Commissioner of Pensions. On June 30 1921 there were 6,471 annuitants on the roll, to whom had been paid $2,913,547.

War Risk Insurance. Soon after the outbreak of the World War, at the request of the Secretary of the Treasury, there was created, Sept. 2 1914, a bureau of marine insurance, under the Treasury Department, for protecting American vessels and cargoes against loss or damage. After America entered the war further legislation, enacted June 12 1917, enlarged the scope of the marine bureau to make provision for insuring against loss of life or injury masters, officers, and crews of American vessels. Under date of Jan. 4 1919, seven weeks after the signing of the Armistice, right to application was withdrawn and no further insurance issued to seamen. From