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Rh sive. There were not only many more farmers in 1921 than in 1910, but the investment per acre was much greater. The homes, barns, stables and granaries more recently erected are usually well built, are much larger than those of the past and have modern conven- iences. Practically all of the towns with a population of 2,500 have their own electric light plants. The Homestake Mining Co.- has a power plant costing about 82,000,000. The 1919 Legislature pro- vided for an hydro-electric commission and appropriated $50,000 for the purpose of surveying the Missouri river to find water power. The engineers found three sites Mobridge, Mulehead, and Medi- cine Butte to be advantageous, in the order named. The com- mission presented a report to the 1921 Legislature and recommended that the Mobridge site be developed. It estimated that the dam and plant would cost $9,400,000 and the transmission system $7,833,000. Under the economic conditions existing in 1921 the Legislature hesitated to act favourably and the question was to be submitted to the people in the election of Nov. 1922. The following table shows the increase of farm products :

Acreage

Production

Value

Corn.

1919

2,756,234

69,060,782 bus.

$89,779,016

u

1909

2,037,658

55,558,737 '

26,395,985

Wheat

1919

3,891,468

31,086,995

69,323,996

a

1909

3,217,255

47,054,590 '

42,878,223

Oats.

1919

1,839,089

51,091,904 '

38,318,937

U

1909

1,558,643

43,565,676

16,044,785

Barley

1919

754,929

12,815,768 '

15,378,922

u

1909

I,"4,53l

22,396,130 '

10,873,522

Rye.

1919

463,132

4," I ,543 '

5,96l,74i

B

1909

13,778

194,672 '

115,126

Flaxseed

1919

159,234

1,109,303 '

4,880,931

u

1909

518,566*

4,759,794 *

7,001,717

Potatoes

1919

58,180

2,863,186 "

7,157.983

U

1909

50,052

3,441,692 "

1,967,550

Hay and forage

1919

5,071,747

4,996,846 tons

71,988,845

u. u u

1909

3,435,90?

3,651,706 "

15,247.570

In 1919 receipts for the sale of dairy products were $12,222,562; of chickens, $1,477,500. The total value of domestic animals on farms was $232,364,625.

Minerals. The value of the minerals produced in the state in 1919 was $5,500,000. Prof. Freeman Ward, state geologist, has computed the mineral products in yearly averages for the five-year periods, 1905-9 and 1915-9, as follows:

1905-9

1915-9

Bentonite Coal Copper Gold

$4,000

2,200

$5,480 23-500

3,000 6,600,000

10,000

45,000

Lythia

1,000

38,680

50,000

10,400

Natural gas

18,120 07.000

19,000 126,000

Stone Crushed Limestone Sandstone Structural materials ....

23,480 15,000 140,000 371,800

80,000 31-140 100,000 310,400

Manufactures. The following table indicates the growth of manufactures:

1919

1909

Number of establishments Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees .... Wage earners (average). Capital Salaries

1,414 1,410 1,242 6,382 $30,933,030

2.O76. IQQ

I,O2O 942 682 3,602 $13,017,932 615,621

Wages

7.0OS.4.26

2.2Q7.5I2

Cost of materials .... Value of products .... Value added by manufacture

42,985,870 62,170,782 19,184,912

",476,350 17,870,135 6,393,785

The principal industries in 1919 were flour-mill and grist-mill prod- ucts, bread and other bakery products, printing and publishing, automobile repairing, cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam railway companies, lumber and timber products.

Doane Robinson, secretary of the state History Department, estimates the value of the total production of all commodities as $581,119,000 in 1918; $481,624,000 in 1919; and $316,305,000 in 1920. He gives the produce sold outside of the state as $270,536,000 m 1918; $376,720,000 in 1919; and 324,667,000 in 1920.

Finances. The bank deposits were $206,496,073 in 1918; $235,- 617,276 in 1919; and $251,804,649 in 1920. They were protected by a depositors' guarantee fund amounting to $1,247,397 in 1920. The total assessed valuation of all taxable property was $1,598,544,562 in 1918, $2,095,154,178 in 1919, and $2,257,853,656 in 1920. The

assessed valuation was usually not above half the real value, but even so amounted to $3,547 per capita in 1920. The tax levied was $17,781,439 in 1918, $21,470,598 in 1919, and $27,550,312 in 1920. The expenditure for the state Government, education, charitable and penal institutions was $1,255,593 in 1910, $9,711,964 in 1920. The state's debt in 1910 was 81,073,575 which was reduced until in 1919 the funds in excess of the debt amounted to $35,785. In addition there were in 1920 outstanding bonds, covering rural credit, highway and land settlements, amounting to $33,800,000.

Since 1917 South Dakota has had a noteworthy state rural credit system. Up to 1921, 13,575 applications had been made for loans amounting to 861,243,000. The rural credit board conservatively allowed only 7,915 loans, amounting to $31,083,450. This is more than four times the business done in the state by the Federal Farm Loan Board. The state can borrow money several per cent below the rate paid by individuals, and gives the farmers this advantage. The rural credit system having proved a success, the voters at the election of 1920 empowered the Government to make similar pro- visions for people in the towns. A law was consequently passed by the Legislature to create a municipal credit board and to make state loans to individuals for the purchase of homes. The state insures crops against hail at a low rate per acre. The Government adminis- trative departments have been enlarged and a number of new com- missions or departments have been created, including the following: insurance, railways, free circulating library, marketing, highway, rural credit, industrial, immigration, pure food and drug, state engineer, budget, tax, agriculture, charities and corrections, bank, depositors' guarantee fund, securities, health, pharmacy, live stock (sanitary), game and fish, coal mines, land settlement.

History. South Dakota remained strongly Republican throughout the decade 1910-20. Of the political questions before the people the primary election law received the greatest attention. Successive Legislatures failing to deal with the mat- ter by statute, an appeal to the initiative was successfully made at the election of Nov. 1912. Several months later, the Legisla- ture of 1913 passed an Act of its own, and submitted it to the people at the 1914 election. It failed and the 1912 law remained in force. Thereupon the 1915 Legislature repealed the 1912 law and enacted one of its own, only to have the 1912 law in a somewhat revised form carried in the 1918 election. There has been much progressive legislation. The Non- Partisan League is a strong and active organization, but since a number of its policies have been adopted and carried out in legislation by the older parties it has not gained control of the Government. The code was revised and published in 1919. The number of men supplied by the state in the World War was 35,000, 10,000 being volunteers. There was purchased, in the state, of the Liberty and Victory bond issues $109,627,200. A bonus was voted for those who served in the World War and the sum of $6,000,000 appropriated for this purpose. Ex-service men engaged in farm- ing are also given a state loan for " purchase of land, improve- ments and live stock to be placed on the land." The loan may be as high as 70 and even 90% of the value, and is payable on the instalment plan over a period of 30 years.

The governors since 1910, all Republicans, were Robert S. Vessey, 1909-13; Frank M. Byrne, 1913-7; Peter Norbeck, 1917-21; William M. McMaster, 1921-. (C. C.*)

SPA (see 25.525). Pop. (1909) 8,293. The Germans occupied the town, which was undefended, on Aug. 4 1914, and it became first a hospital base and, later, a place of convalescence for their sick and wounded. The German Great G.H.Q. was transferred here from Kreuznach in March 1918 and the Kaiser fled from the Chateau du Neubois, 2\ m. E. of the town, into Holland on Nov. 8 1918. His concrete dugout at the chateau is preserved intact and shown to visitors. A conference of the Supreme Council of the Allies was held at Spa in July 1920. SPAIN (see 25.527). At the census of 1910, the total pop. (including the Balearic and Canary Is., as well as the territories of Northern Africa, but not those of the Guinea Colony) was 20,364,392, giving a density of 34-49 per sq. kilometre. The maximum density corresponds to the province of Biscay (161-59 per sq. km.) the minimum to that of Lerida (23-45). Figures above 100 per sq. km. are given by the province of Barcelona (148-46); Guipuzcoa (120-28); Pontevedra (112-80), and Madrid (109-80). There are only eight towns of more than 100,000 inhabitants, namely, Madrid (599,807), Barcelona (587,411), Valencia (233.384), Seville (158,287), Malaga (136,365), Murcia (125,057),