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AUTHORITIES: (a) Official. The Official Year Book of the Union, prepared by the Union census and statistics department is a valuable record and contains sections relating to state archives and official publications and a classified bibliography. The Colonial Office, London, publishes annual reports on the native protectorates, and the Colonial Office List (yearly) gives lists of all parliamentary papers. The Government of India issues reports concerning Indians in S.A. (see especially Statement made by Sir B. Robertson before the Asiatic Enquiry Commission (1921), a survey of the whole question).

(6) Geography, Natural History, etc.. Sir C. P. Lucas, Historical Geography; South Africa (Part II., revised by A. B. Keith, 1915) ; R. Marlot Flora of South Africa (4 yols. 1913-5); F. W. Fitzsimmons, The Natural History of South Africa (1919) ; J. D. F. Gilchrist, South African Zoology (1911);}. W. Bews, Grasses and Grasslands of South Africa (1918); E. H. L. Schwartz, The Kalahari, or Thirstland Re- demption (1920).

(c) Philology, Native questions, etc.. Sir H. H. Johnston, A Com- parative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages (1919); Alice Werner, Introductory Sketch of the Bantu Languages (1919); W. A. Crabtree, "Bantu Speech," Jnl. African Soc. (1918-9); C. Pettman, Africanderisms (1913); S. T. Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa (1916); Jabavu, The Black Problem (1920); L. Perin- guey, Stone Age of South Africa (1911) ; Sir H. Sloley, " Recent De- velopments in Basutqland," Jnl. African Soc. (Jan. 1917).

(d) Political, Descriptive and Social. Violet Markham, The South African Scene (1913); M. Nathan, The South African Common- wealth (1919, with useful bibliography); O. Letcher, The Bonds of Africa (1914); A. J. Macdonald, Trade, Politics and Christianity in Africa and the East (1916); F. C. Cornell, The Glamour of Prospect- ing (1920) ; Lady Duff Gordon, Letters from the Cape (ed. by J. Purvis, 1921), the first separate, publication of these striking letters, written in 1861.)

History. G. McCall Theal, History and Ethnography of South Africa[to 1884] (final ed. xi vols. 1919) ;G. E.Cory, Rise of South Af- rica [to 1857] (iii. vols. 1910-9) ; W. C. Scully, A History of South Africa to the Union (1915); Sir E. Walton, Inner History of the National Convention (1912); A. B. Worsfold, The Union of South Africa (1912); The Times History of the War, Vol. iii, chap. 64, the South African Rebellion (1915); Report on the outbreak of the Rebellion (an official publication, 1915); and the Report of the Judicial Commission of Inquiry into the causes of the Rebellion (1916).

See also The South and East African Year Book and Guide, edited annually by A. S. and G. G. Brown, an increasingly useful work; The South African Journal of Science; the Trans. Geological Soc. South Africa; and the Jnl. African Society of London. For economics see the lists given in the Official Year Book. (F. R. C.)

DEFENCE AND MILITARY INSTITUTIONS

The establishment of union in S. Africa in the year 1910 in- volved a fusion of the different military systems then obtaining in the four colonies which became original Constituent Provinces in the new amalgamation. These systems were as follows. The Cape Colony maintained a permanent force (the Cape Mounted Riflemen) together with a volunteer force and a cadet organization. The forces of Natal consisted of a military force, of much the same strength (3,000-4,000 men) and character as the volunteer force of the Cape and a reserve organized in rifle clubs, and included cadets again on much the same lines as those of the kindred organization in the Cape Colony. The two forces contained regiments of long standing and high reputation gained in many local campaigns and embraced all arms. These regi- ments retained their identity in the new forces. A volunteer force on modern lines, confined to the towns, except for two mounted regiments recruited from country districts, was the form of military organization which had been adopted by the Transvaal. This force, however, had only been in existence for seven or eight years at the date of union. In the same period an efficient cadet system had been instituted. In each of these three colonies a small permanent staff was maintained. The Orange Free State relied upon the burgher system based on universal male liability for service in time of war, a principle accepted indeed by ah 1 the four colonies, and reaffirmed in the present S. Africa Defence Act.

It was not until June 14 1912 that it was found possible to pass a law embodying the recommendations which had been made and the conclusions which had been arrived at after in- vestigation, but upon this date the S. Africa Defence Act, 1912, was placed on the statute book. Field-Marshal Lord Methuen, then commander-in-chief of the British forces in S. Africa, evinced great interest in the matter of South African defence and assisted the local military authorities in the conferences and

deliberations which preceded the passing of the Act. By this Act every citizen between 17 and 60 (both included) is liable to render personal service in time of war in defence of the Union " in any part of South Africa." A permanent force is provided for, but in May 1921 an amending bill was before the House of Assembly, which if accepted would materially alter the com- position and functions of this force.

Every citizen is liable to undergo, beginning in his twenty-first year, four years " peace training " in the Active Citizen Force, which constitutes the first line of defence. It is however permissible for any citizen to enter voluntarily for his " peace training " in any year between his i/th and 2lst years (both included). The number of citizens to be trained in the Active Citizen Force is placed in the Act at 50 % of the total number liable, but Parliament has power to increase this number. If the number required for training in any district is greater than that of its voluntary entries, a ballot may be taken to make good the shortage. After four years' " peace training " in the Active Citizen Force the citizen goes to Class A of the Citizen Force Reserve where he remains until his 45th year. A Coast Garri- son Force is established, and service may be undertaken in that force as equivalent to Active Citizen Force " peace training." A similar concession is allowed to citizens who may elect to serve in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve which is part of the Royal Naval Reserve constituted under the Naval Forces Act 1903 (Great Britain and Irejand) and may be placed at the disposal of the Royal Naval authorities. Any citizen who at 21 has not been entered for service in the Active Citizen Force (or one of its equivalents) js compelled to serve for four years in a Rifle Association where he is taught to be " familiar with the use of military weapons of pre- cision," after which he is included in Class B. of the Citizen Force Reserve until his 45th year. Cadet service is compulsory, but a request from a parent or guardian that a boy " be exempt from cadet training " secures a certificate of exemption. Several special reserves are provided for in the Act, and one of these, the Veteran Reserve, was largely used in establishments within the Union during the period 19148. The National Reserve consists of all citizens who, liable to render personal service in time of war, do not belong to any other portion of the forces. The full establishments of the Active Citizen Force in 1914 represented a force of approximately 30,000 men. The periods of " peace training " are not more than 30 days in the first year and 21 days in each subsequent year with a maximum of continuous training (in camp) of 22 and 15 days respectively.

The response to the first year's (1913) call for entries was striking, and 44,193 citizens entered voluntarily for training, producing a strength of 14,000 in excess of requirements. The following year saw the outbreak of the World War, and the annual registration in Jan. of all citizens who reach the age of 17 in the year has been in abeyance since Jan. 1914.

Immediately after the passage of the Defence Act in 1912 steps were taken to establish the military system for which it provided. The permanent force at its inception consisted of two portions. The staff was employed partly at defence headquarters and partly dis- tributed in the 15 military districts of the Union. The South African Mounted Riflemen (five regiments and three batteries of field artillery) was, with the exception of the artillery, employed solely on police work, and divided into very small detachments on posts. The whole of the police force had in May 1921 been placed under the command of the commissioner of police, and the new military arrangements proposed in 1921 contemplated a reduced permanent force employed on military duties alone. 1

The complications introduced by the rebellion made it im- possible to call out the whole of the citizen forces in the forma- tions in which they strictly belonged, and, though a considerable number of units of the Active Citizen Force were called out by proclamation in the regular way, most of the Dutch members of the forces many of whom were beyond the age of those in the Active Citizen Force were specially embodied under the old commando system to which they had been formerly ac- customed. Thus the whole of the Dutch-speaking units serving under Gen. Botha in the rebellion and German S. W. Africa were organized on a commando basis, the English speaking units being those of the Active Citizen Force. In the rebellion 30,000 troops (of whom 20,000 were of Dutch descent) were employed at a cost of 5,100,000 to the Union Government, and casualties to the extent of 132 killed and 242 wounded were sustained by the loyal troops. In German S.W. Africa 67,237 Union troops were engaged at an approximate cost of 15,000,000 and 127 lives were lost, the wounded amounting to 272.

1 The S. African Mounted Riflemen, as a brigade, served in the rebellion of 1914, and at the close of the campaign in German S.W. Africa, but thereafter were retained in the Union, though many individual members of the force served with credit and distinction on many battle fronts.