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Rh Parsons served on many Government committees connected with scientific research, electric power, aircraft, fuel research and the construction of tanks. PASCAL, JEAN LOUIS (1837-1020), French architect, was born in Paris June 4 1837, and his architectural education was begun at the age of 16 when he became a pupil of Gilbert. Later, when in the studio of Questel, he entered the ficole des Beaux-Arts, where, amongst other distinctions gained, in 1866 he won the Grand Prix de Rome. On his return to Paris in 1870, after his four years at the Villa Medici, he was appointed in- spector of works at the Louvre and the Tuilleries. In 1872 he became patron of his atelier, and thereafter was appointed assessor in public competitions, and subsequently received many distinctions. Amongst these was his election to the council of the Beaux-Arts and president of the jury, and to membership of the Institut de France, and finally he became commandeur de la Legion d'Honnenr. In his 'long career the private, as apart from official, work of Pascal was of a very diversified nature, and covered a wide area of ground, domestic and civil, and partic- ularly a long series of artistic memorial monuments such as those commemorating Col. d'Argy at Rome, Henri Regnault at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and President Carnot at Bordeaux. Among his buildings are the Chateau du Doux, Correze, that for the Faculte de Medecine, Bordeaux a design with much dignity and calm the painter Perrault's house and studio, Paris, and several villas and chateaux in the provinces at Pau, Beaulieu, Avignon and elsewhere. He lived long enough to see, at the close of his busy career of over 50 years, the completion of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, a fine building characteristic of his learning and ingenuity, but speaking none of the modern note of a too conscious individuality. A man of untiring energy, Pascal's application to his atelier work and his many professional calls did not prevent his finding time for the literary side of architecture and he, with M. Gaudet, is respon- sible for the splendid edition of BlondePs Architecture FratiQaise, published under the auspices of the French Government. The celebrated atelier of which he was for so many years the greatly respected patron, was responsible in his time for the training of many architects to be found later on in every country in Europe, in the United States and in Canada. Among them were Sir John Burnet, Thomas Hastings of New York, Signor Beltrani of Milan and Henri Nenot of Paris. In 1914 he was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Institute of British Archi- tects but his great age and state of health prevented his receiving this in person. He died in Paris in 1920. PASCOLI, GIOVANNI (1855-1912), Italian poet, was born at San Mauro, Romagna, Dec. 31 1855. His first volume of verse, entitled Myricae, appeared in 1891, and his Primi Poemetti in 1897. His other volumes include Odi ed inni (1906) ; Le Canzoni di Re Enzio (1908) and Nuovi Poemetti (1909). He wrote also much elegant Latin verse, and was well known both as a prose essayist and for his Dante studies, which led to his appointment as professor of Italian literature at the university of Bologna. He died at Barga April 6 1912. PASSY, FRÉDÉRIC (1822-1912), French economist and pacifist, was born in 1822 and was a nephew of the economist Hippolyte Passy, finance minister to Louis Philippe and to Louis Napoleon's Republican Government. Under his uncle's influence Frederic devoted himself to economic studies, and to that end gave up the appointment as auditor of the Conseil de Droit, which he had held during 1846-49. In 1860 he began to teach political economy both in Paris and in the provinces. His first work on the subject, Melanges economiques, appeared in 1857. True to his republican principles, he refused to be reconciled to the Second Empire, and remained, therefore, ineligible for any Government post. He was an ardent free-trader and an admirer of Cobden. In 1867 he founded the Ligue Internationale de la Paix, afterwards known as the Societe Francaise pour 1' Arbitrage entre Nations, and for the rest of his life he devoted himself to the promotion of international peace. From 1881 to 1899 he was deputy for the Seine department. In 1901 he received the Nobel T'rize, sharing it with M. Dunant. His published works include

De la Propriele Inlellecluelle (1859); Lemons d' economic poliliqtie (1860-61); La Democratic et I'Instruction (1864); L'Histoire du Travail (1873); Malthus et sa Doctrine (1868); La Solidarity du Travail et du Capital (1875) and Le Petit Poucet du icjieme Siecle: George Stephcnson (1881). He died in Paris June 12 1912. PATIALA, SIR BHUPINDAR SINGH, MAHARAJA OF (1891- ), head of the Sikh community in India, was born Oct. 12 1891, to the soldier-sportsman Maharaja Sir Rajendra Singh, whose death in Nov. 1900, at the age of 28, brought him to the gad i. He was carefully trained, and on receiving full ruling powers at the close of 1910 maintained and greatly developed the progressive policy of the council of regency, applying himself with great assiduity to the moral and material welfare of his people. Inheriting sporting and soldierly qualities, he was a skilful polo-player and batsman, becoming well known to British crowds when he captained the Indian cricket eleven in 1911. He also inherited the conspicuous loyalty of his house to the paramount Power. In the autumn of 1914 he set out with the Indian Expe- ditionary Force to France, but serious ill-health compelled his return to India after reaching Aden. The contribution of Patiala to the Indian army, including Imperial Service troops, was in- creased from about 4,000 men to 28,000, and as the recognized head of the Sikh race the Maharaja exercised an enormous influ- ence in promoting recruitment from other parts of the Punjab. His subjects saw active service in nearly all the theatres of war, and won 125 battle distinctions. His gifts in material and money were constant and generous. He visited his troops in France, Palestine and elsewhere when deputed to England in the summer of 1918 with Sir S. P. (Lord) Sinha on selection as a member of the Imperial War Cabinet, being the second Indian prince to be called to Empire councils. In the Punjab disturbances in the spring of 1919 important responsibilities were assigned to him by the British authorities, and tranquillity was maintained through- out his state and adjacent British districts. In the third Afghan War which immediately followed he volunteered his personal serv- ices as well as the loan of his troops, and held a staff appointment in a trying hot-weather campaign, not returning from the frontier until an armistice was granted the Amir Amanulla. He took a prominent part in promoting the inauguration of the Chamber of Princes in 1921 and was elected to the small standing committee. He was raised to the rank of major-general, his permanent local salute was raised from 17 to 19 guns, and he held the grand crosses of the Star of India, the Indian Empire and the British Empire. PATON, FREDERICK NOEL (1861-1914), British explorer and Anglo-Indian official (see 20.930*), died July i 1914. PATON, JOHN BROWN (1830-1911), British Nonconformist divine (see 20.930), died at Nottingham Jan. 26 1911. PATTI, ADELINA JUANA MARIA [BARONESS CEDERSTROM] (1843-1919), English singer (see 20.937), died at Craig-y-Nos Castle, Wales, Sept. 27 1919.

PAYNE, JOHN BARTON (1855- ), American public official, was born at Pruntytown, Va., Jan. 26 1855. He was educated at Orleans, Va., read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1876. He moved to West Virginia and practised law at Kingwood from 1877 to 1882, during the same period serving as chairman of the county Democratic committee. In 1882 he was elected mayor of Kingwood, and the following year went to Chicago, where he was engaged in law practice until 1893. Then he was appointed judge of the Superior Court of Cook Co., 111., but resigned after five years to resume the practice of law. In Nov. 1917 he was appointed counsel of the Emergency Fleet Corpora- tion and also legal adviser to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. In 1918 he was appointed counsel of the Director- General of Railroads and in 1919 chairman of the U. S. Shipping Board. In Feb. 1920 he was appointed Secretary of the Inte- rior, to succeed Franklin K. Lane, and he served to the end of President Wilson's term.

PEACE CONFERENCE (1919). The first plenary session of the Conference of the Powers assembled in Paris to settle the terms of peace after the World War was held on Jan. 18 1919, more than two months after the conclusion of the Armistice with Germany; and the Conference remained in being from


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