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Goodall before the Institution of Naval Architects in March 1921. The " Baden^" and " Bayern "were about 3,000 tons heavier than the " Konig " class, the dimensions being increased proportionately. The chief difference, however, was in the main armament, 8 15-in. guns being mounted in four turrets on the centre line in two super- posed groups forward and aft, as in the British " Queen Elizabeth." The secondary armament was increased to 16 5-g-in. guns, and the torpedo armament consisted originally of 5 23-6-in. submerged tubes, one forward in the stem and the other on the broadside for- ward and aft. The forward torpedo room was damaged by an under-water explosion and when repairs were made the torpedo tubes were not replaced. Turbine machinery of about 50,000 H,P. total was fitted, driving three propellers, and a speed of about 22 knots was obtained on trials. The main armour belt was 135 in. thick, tapering to 6f in. at the lower edge. Above was a belt of lo-in. armour extending to the upper deck. The secondary battery was protected by 6|-in. armour. Forward the side armour was 6 in. thick and aft 7 inches. The latter and a deck of 4! in. thickness provided protection to the steering gear. The maximum thickness of armour for the barbettes, turrets, and conning tower was 13! inches. Protection against under-water attack was provided by a longitudinal bulkhead 2 in. thick, set in about 13 ft. from the side.

(5) Italy. The first Italian " Dreadnought was the " Dante Alighieri," of 19,200 tons, launched in 1910. This vessel was then remarkable for the high designed speed of 23 knots and the adoption of triple-gun mountings for the main armament of 12-in. guns, of which 12 were carried in turrets all fitted on the centre line of the vessel. The turrets, funnels and masts were so disposed that the vessel could practically be described as " double-ended." The ves- sel was protected by a water-line belt of lo-in. (maximum) armour amidships and 4-in. at the ends, with an upper belt of 6-in., by which 12 of the secondary battery of 20 4-7-guns were protected. The remaining 8 4'7-in. guns were mounted in four twin-gun tur- rets on the upper deck. The i2-in.-gun turrets had a maximum thick- ness of lo-in. armour. Turbine engines of 26,000 H.P. were fitted; these developed 35,000 H.P. on trial, when 24 knots were attained. Three torpedo tubes were fitted.

The " Dante Alighieri " was followed by the " Conte di Cavour," "Leonardo da Vinci" and " Giulio Cesare," launched in 1911. These vessels were 3,000 tons heavier than their predecessor and mounted an extra 12-in. gun, making 13 in all, four of which were in two twin-gun turrets superposed above triple-gun turrets forward and aft, a further triple-gun turret being fitted amidships. This arrangement enabled an increased all-round fire to be obtained over the previous vessel. The secondary armament of 18 4'7-in. guns was carried in an amidships battery protected by 5-in. armour, which was above the upper belt of g-in. armour, the water-line belt being lo-in. amidships and 4-in. at the ends. Turret armour was lo-in. and conning tower 12-inches. Turbine engines of 24,000 H.P. were fitted to give a speed of 22 knots.

FIG. 38.

The " Andrea Doria " and " Caio Duilio " (see fig. 38), launched in 1913, were slightly longer and heavier than the " Conte di Cavour," but except for an improved secondary armament of 16 6-in. guns fitted abreast the forward and after turrets, the changes were of a minor nature.

The " Leonardo da Vinci," blown up at Taranto in 1916 by the explosion of her magazine, was refloated and dry-docked upside down in 1919. After repairs she was floated out of dock still upside down and then righted. This operation reflects the greatest credit upon the Royal Italian Corps of Naval Constructors, who conducted the operations throughout. The vessel, will, however, not be restored as a warship, but utilized for a subsidiary service.

The last four battleships laid down in 1914 and 1915 for the Italian Navy, the " Caracciolo " class, have not been completed. They were to have been generally similar in size, armament, speed and protection to the " Queen Elizabeth."

(6) Russia, The Russian navy has ceased to exist as an impor- tant factor, but technically the various classes of battleships built are of interest.

Following the construction of two vessels of the intermediate " Lord Nelson " type, four battleships of the " Petropavlovsk "

class were launched in 1911 and three of the " Imperator Alex- ander III." class (for the Black Sea Fleet) in 1914. The first four were slightly heavier, longer and faster than the others, but their general characteristics are similar. They all mount 12 12-in. in four triple-gun turrets on the centre line of the vessel, arranged similarly to the Italian " Dante Alighieri," the speed of which, 23 knots, was the same as that of the " Sevastopol," the Black Sea vessels being 2 knots slower, all the vessels having turbine engines. The " Imperatritza Marie " was blown up by an internal explo- sion at Sevastopol in 1916, and refloated and docked upside down in 1919, similarly to the " Leonardo da Vinci."

(7) Austria. Three battleships of intermediate (" Lord Nel- son ") type were completed in 1910 and 1911. Following these vessels four " Dreadnoughts " of the " Viribus Unitis " class were completed in 1912-5. On a displacement of 20,000 tons, 12 12-in. guns in four triple-gun turrets (of n-in. armour maximum) were carried in two -superposed groups forward and aft with 12 5-g-in. guns as secondary armament in an amidships battery protected by 6-in. armour. The water-line belt was n in. amidships and 5 in. at the ends. An upper belt of 8 in. was fitted amidships. Turbine engines of 25,000 H.P. gave a speed of about 20 knots.

Two vessels, the " Szant Istyan " of this class and the old battle- ship " Wien," were sunk during the war as the result of daring attacks by Italian fast motor-boats. The " Viribus Unitis " sank in 1918, due to the explosion of a mine placed in contact with the vessel by two Italian officers in a small torpedo-like motor-boat.

A contemplated programme of four battleships of 25,000 tons, carrying eight 15-in. guns, did not materialize owing to the war.

(8) Argentina. The only " Dreadnought " battleships are the " Moreno " and " Rivadavia," launched in the United States in 1911 and completed in 1914; 12 12-in. guns, in six twin-gun turrets, and 12 6-in. guns are carried on a displacement of 27,600 tons, tur- bine engines of 39,500 H.P. giving a speed of 22^ knots.

(9) Brazil. The " Rio de Janeiro," laid down at Armstrong's, Newcastle, in 1911, was sold later to Turkey, from whom the vessel was requisitioned by the British on the outbreak of the World War, and renamed " Agincourt." The " Minas Geraes " and " Sao Paulo " are thus the only two " Dreadnought " battleships possessed by Brazil.

(10) Chile. The " Almirante Latorre " and " Aljnirante Coch- rane " were building at Armstrong's in 1914 for the Chilean navy. The former vessel, after service during the war as H.M.S. " Can- ada," was sold back to Chile, but the latter vessel remains as H.M.S. " Eagle." Chile thus possesses only one " Dreadnought."

(n) Greece. -The " Salamis, ' of 19,500 tons and 23 knots speed, building in Germany at the outbreak of war in 1914, had not been completed. The four twin-gun turrets constructed in the United States for this vessel were purchased by the British and fitted in the first four large monitors.

(12) Norway. The " Nidaros " and " Bjorgvin " (coast-defence battleships), launched by Armstrong's in 1914, were taken over by the British during the war and completed, with the addition of bulges, as H.M.S. " Glatton " and " Gorgon."

(13) Spain. The smallest " Dreadnought " battleships ever de- signed have been completed for the Spanish navy. On a displace- ment of 15,500 tons, the " Alfonso XIII.," " Espana," and " Jaime I." carry 8 12-in. guns in four turrets (the amidships tur- rets being en echelon) and 20 4-in. guns. Turbine engines of 15,000 H.P. give a speed of 195 knots. Armour protection consists of a 9-in. water-line belt, with lo-in. armour for the turrets and con- ning tower. The vessels were built in Spain from designs and under the supervision of British firms.

(14) Sweden. Three small battleships, the " Sverige " (com- pleted in 1917), and the " Drottning-Victoria " and the " Gustav V." (which in 1921 were nearing completion), are of 7,600 tons displace- ment. They mount four n-in. and eight 6-in. guns, and with tur- bine engines of 22,000 H.P. a speed of 22 knots is expected.

(15) Turkey. Two battleships completing in England for the Turkish navy were taken over by the British Government on the outbreak of war and renamed " Agincourt " and " Erin."

Battle Cruisers

Up to 1921 battle cruisers had been built only for Japan, Ger- many and Russia, besides Great Britain (see Table VII.). The United States had six vessels building.

United States. The " Lexington " class (fig. 39) were designed in 1916, but no progress was made in their construction during the war. After the Armistice their design was reconsidered. The dis- placement was increased from 35,300 tons to 43,500 tons, the n ain armament being changed from 10 14-in. guns to 8 i6-in. guns. The S.H.P. was 180,000 total, driving four propellers, and this was esti- mated to give 35 knots as the original design displacement and 33i knots for the final design. This enormous H.P. (the maximum so far contemplated for any ship) is developed by the electric drive, on generally similar but improved lines to that of the " New Mexico." Oil fuel only is burnt in the boilers. The changes made included considerably increased protection against gunfire and under-water attack. The result of all the changes made is that the vessels will be powerful battle cruisers, with good offensive and defensive qualities as compared with the initial design. The torpedo