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Rh Polar medal and many honours from learned societies. In addition to the work mentioned above, he published The Heart of the Antarctic (1909). In 1921, in the " Quest," he organized a third expedition, which set sail in September; but while it was still on its way he died from an attack of angina pectoris, on board, off Georgia I., Jan. 5 1922.

SHANGHAI, China (see 24.799). During 1911-21 the population and trade of Shanghai expanded steadily, as the result of the development of the port's railway communications with the interior and of the increasing development of cotton-spinning, shipbuilding and other industrial enterprises. At the same time the wealth and importance of the foreign settlements rapidly increased, chiefly because of the large number of Chinese officials, capitalists and political refugees who sought there security from the civil strife and disorders prevalent throughout the interior after the revolution.

The city's rate of expansion is reflected in the maritime customs returns, which show that the gross value of the trade of the port in 1919 amounted to 768 million taels, which, at an average exchange of 55. 8d., represents 217,000,000. In 1908 the sterling value of the trade was 40,400,000. The changed conditions of international commerce brought about by the World War were manifested in the fact that in 1919, for the first time, the United States took the first place in the list of Shanghai's foreign trade, with a margin of 28 mil- lion taels over that of Japan, thus reversing the position occupied by the two countries in 1918. The trade of Great Britain, which before the war headed the list, showed signs of recovering some of its lost ground, especially in the matter of Manchester cotton goods.

The total pop. of Shanghai, as estimated by the Imperial Maritime Customs, was 1,000,000 in 1916, an estimate which included the in- habitants of the native city as well as those of the international and French settlements ; but the actual total to-day must be consider- ably higher, for the Chinese pop. of the international settlement alone was 620,401 in 1915, and was estimated at 673,000 in June 1919. No reliable statistics are forthcoming in regard to the popu- lation of the native city (which displays but little evidence of the reformers' activities) nor of that of the Chinese-controlled suburbs of the foreign settlements, but it may be assumed to be increasing, while that of the French municipality has grown very rapidly since its boundaries were enlarged and its area developed by a progressive scheme of road construction. The foreign pop. of the international settlement in 1919 was calculated to be 22,000; at the last census (Oct. 1913) the total was 18,519, of which number 7,169 were Japa- nese, 4,822 British, 1,323 Portuguese, 1,307 Americans and 1,155 Germans. After the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War, the number of Japanese residents increased much more rapidly than that of any other nation, but as the franchise for the election of the Land-renters' Executive Council is limited by property-owning or tax- paying qualifications, the British community still retains its predomi- nant influence in municipal affairs. The Land-renters' list at the beginning of 1920 showed 1,100 British voters, as against 300 Japanese, 230 Americans and 150 Germans. The steady expansion of the revenues collected by the self-governing Council of the Inter- national Settlement (in which the Chinese Government has no juris- diction) affords evidence of the growth and prosperity of the city during the past decade. In 1911 the rates and taxes collected were 2,589,628 taels; in 1919 the total was 4,419,961. The street traffic returns are significant not only of rapid growth but of changing conditions. In 1911 the council licensed II, III jinrikishas, 1,277 carriages, 217 motor-cars, 5,310 wheelbarrows, 199 sedan-chairs and 958 carts; the corresponding figures for 1919 were 14,726 jinrik- ishas, 831 carriages, 1,378 motor-cars, 8,667 wheelbarrows, 18 sedan- chairs and 2,141 carts. Industrial enterprise during this period was greatly stimulated by the improved facilities for the transport of raw materials provided by railway construction in the interior; cotton-mills, in particular, increased rapidly, the number of these at Shanghai at the close of 1920 being 26, with a total of 901,898 spindles. Factories were also established for the making of flour, cigarettes, matches, etc., and, as in Japan, a new development of the retail trade was manifested by the establishment of large depart- ment stores, conducted on European and American lines.

The political importance of Shanghai, as the headquarters of Young China and a sanctuary for political refugees of all descrip- tions, naturally increased during and after the upheaval of the Chinese Revolution. Many wealthy and conservative officials of the old regime sought and found security for themselves and their property within the limits of the extra-territorialized For- eign Settlements; later, in 1913, the expulsion of the Kuo-Min- tang politicians from Peking .by President Yuan led many of these southern Parliamentarians to make Shanghai their head- quarters, and each succeeding year of civil strife added to the numbers of those who sought shelter from its widespread dis-

orders under the shelter of the municipality. Nor were the political refugees all Chinese, for, after the revolt of the Koreans against the Japanese Government in 1919, " the Provisional Government of the Korean Republic " established itself at Shanghai. Thus the little spot originally set apart as a place of residence for foreign traders came by force of circumstances to be the birthplace and centre of political activities in China, the vernacular press at Shanghai (including several of the most influential newspapers in the country) being generally in oppo- sition to the policy of Peking and in sympathy with the views of the student class. By common consent of the contending factions, the Peace Conference convened in 1919 to discuss the differences between the Peking Government and the southern " Constitu- tionalists " was held in the neutral territory of the international settlement. An interesting feature of Young China's political activities in 1919-20 of particular importance to the future of Shanghai lay in its increasing insistence, on the one hand, on the abolition of the foreigners' extra-territorial rights and, on the other, on the recognition of the Chinese taxpayers' claim to a share in the direct executive government of the settlement, a claim which (while morally undeniable) would, if successful, effectively put an end to the conditions by virtue of which the Foreign settlements have afforded security for life and property during periods of widespread disorder in China.

See George Lanning and Samuel Couling, The History of Shang- hai (1920). (J. Q. P. B.)

SHANNON, CHARLES HAZELWOOD (1865- ), English painter (see 24.801), was elected A.R.A. in 1911, and in 1918 became vice-president of the International Society of Sculptors, Painters and Gravers. His more recent works include " The Amethyst Necklace" (1907), "The Morning Toilet" (1912), " The Embroidered Shawl " (1914), and " The Incoming Tide " (1918); while in 1918 he produced various portraits, including those of Princess Patricia of Connaught, Miss Lillah McCarthy, and Miss Hilda Moore (" The Lady in Black "). Among his lithographs may be mentioned " Playmates " (1908), " Ebb Tide" (1917), "The Tidal River," and "A Sharp Corner" (1919). In 1920 he was elected R.A.

SHAUGHNESSY, THOMAS GEORGE SHAUGHNESSY, 1ST BARON (1853- ), Canadian railway president, was born at Milwaukee Oct. 6 1853, his parents being Irish. He was educated at St. Gall's academy, Wisconsin, and began his railway service at the age of sixteen. In 1882 he joined the staff of the Canadian Pacific as general purchasing agent, and by 1891 had risen to be its vice-president. From 1899 to 1918 he was president and chair- man of the board of directors, as well as a director of all the allied lines. He was knighted in 1901, created K.C.V.O. in 1907, and raised to the peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Shaughnessy of Montreal and of Ashford, co. Limerick, in 1916. His two sons, William James Shaughnessy (b. 1883) and Alfred Thomas Shaughnessy (b. 1887) served in the Canadian Expe- ditionary Force during the World War, and the younger was killed in action in 1916.

SHAW, ANNA HOWARD (1847-1919), American reformer, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, Feb. 14 1847. When she was a small child her parents moved to Massachusetts, and soon afterwards to Michigan, where her father cleared a farm, 40 m. from the nearest post-office and 100 m. from the railway. From 1872 to 1875 she studied at Albion College, Mich., and in 1878 graduated from the Theological School of Boston University. The district conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church granted her a local preacher's licence, and she held pastorates at Hingham and East Dennis, Mass., remaining in the latter place seven, years, until 1885. Meanwhile the New England Conference of the M.E. Church refused to ordain her because of her sex, and the refusal was upheld by the General Conference at Cincinnati in 1880. But the same year she was ordained in the Methodist Protestant Church. While preaching she had studied medicine and received the degree of M.D. from Boston University in 1885. She was then chosen lecturer for the Massachusetts Woman's Suffrage Association. The following year she was made national superintendent of franchise of the Women's