Page:EB1922 - Volume 32.djvu/44

26 From

To

Boston

New York

Nor- folk

New Orleans

Galveston

Sitka, Alaska.

7,676

7,873

8,020

8,868

8,940

Portland, Ore. .

7,676

7,873

8,020

8,868

8,940

San Francisco, Cal.

7,676

7,873

8,020

8,868

8,940

San Diego, Cal.

7,686

7,883

8,030

8,878

8,950

Acapulco, Mexico.

7,884

8, 08 1

8,228

9,076

9,148

San Jose, Guatemala

8,138

8,335

8,482

9,330

9,402

Honolulu, Hawaii

6,413

6,610

6,757

7-605

7,677

Guayaquil, Ecuador

7,208

7,405

7,552

8,400

8,4/2

Callao, Peru

6,053

6,250

6,397

7-245

7,317

Valparaiso, Chile

3,55

3,747

3-894

4-742

4,814

Yokohama, Japan.

3-435

3,768

4,n6

5,705

5,777

Shanghai, China

1,543

1,876

2,224

3,8i3

3,885

Hong-Kong, China.

351

18

330

I,9'9

1,991

Manila, P. I..

292

41

389

1,978

2,050

Adelaide, Australia.

1.483

1-746

2,000

3.258

3-330

Melbourne, Australia

2,507

2,770

3.024

4,282

4.354

Sydney, Australia.

3,669

3,932

4,186

5-444

5.516

Wellington, N. Z..

2,296

2,493

2,640

3488

3.56o

See Joseph Bucklin Bishop, The Panama Gateway (1913, revised edition 1915); George VV. Goethals, Government of the Canal Zone (1915); W. L. Sibert and John VV. Stevens, The Construction of the Panama Canal (1915); W. C. Gorgas, Sanitation in Panama (1915); Joseph A. Le Prince and A. J. Orenstein, Mosquito Control in Panama (1916) ; Annual Reports of the Governor of the Panama Canal. (J- B. Bl.)

PAN-AMERICAN CONFERENCES (see 20.671). The fourth Pan-American Conference was held July 12 -Aug. 30 1910 in Buenos Aires. Many questions involving the common interests of all the American republics were discussed, including steamship service, sanitation, copyright, patents and trade marks. It was decided that the International Bureau of the American Republics should henceforth be called the Pan-American Union. The same year the Pan-American Union building in Washington was dedicated; it had been erected through a gift of $750,000 from Andrew Carnegie and additional funds provided by the various republics. During the three weeks following Dec. 25 1915 the second Pan-American Scientific Congress met in Washington. Eduardo Suarez, Chilean ambassador to the United States, presided. Among the speakers was President Wilson, who urged friendly settlement of international disputes' by arbitration. The Congress appointed an International High Commission, which met at Buenos Aires in April 1916. Improvement and extension of cable, telegraph and railway service between the countries was urged. A permanent International High Commission was estabh'shed to promote uniform commercial laws throughout Pan- America. In Nov. 1918 a Pan-American Federation of Labor Conference met at Laredo, Tex. Delegates were present from the United States, Mexico and Central America. An influenza epidemic interfered with South American attendance, Colombia alone being represented. A permanent federation was organized. Pan-American Child Welfare Congresses met at Montevideo, Uruguay, in Dec. 1918 and in May 1919; at the second meeting provisions were made for establishing at Montevideo an Inter- national Bureau of Child Welfare. In June 1919 a Pan-American Commercial Congress was held in Washington, and in the same city in Jan. 1920 a Pan-American Financial Congress.

PAN-ISLAMISM.—One of the results of the World War was to bring into new prominence, in connexion with Turkey and the Middle East, the movement known as Pan-Islamism, for uniting the peoples who profess the Mahommedan religion under one banner. The history of Pan-Islamism from 1910 onwards is analyzed below.

1. Before the Italian War. The proclamation of the Ottoman Constitution in 1908 seemed to cut at the root of Pan-Islamism, since the idea of the former was to substitute for preexisting re- ligious and national divisions an Ottoman nationality, wherein the different communities of the empire should equally share. Writers of the year 1909 show many reasons why the "Young Turks" could never favour Pan-Islamism, which indeed they had officially repudiated. It was pointed out that the more conserva- tive Moslem nations of Africa would never approve a Sultan in whose eyes all creeds were to be equal. By 1910 it was realized that this prospect was chimerical; Tal'at Bey, Minister of the

Interior, in a speech delivered at Salonika on Aug. 6 of that year at a private meeting of the Committee of Union and Progress, asserted that, though according to the Constitution all Ottoman subjects were equal before the law, such an order of things was clearly impossible; this equality was in defiance of the Shariah (religious code), and the Christians themselves had no desire to become Ottomans. At the Salonika Congress of 1911 a definite scheme of Pan-Islamic propaganda was adopted, and it was re- solved that a congress of delegates from all the Moslem countries of the world ought to meet annually in Constantinople to dis- cuss questions of interest to all Moslems. Emissaries appear to have been actually sent out during these years to win or to con- firm adherents to the Ottoman Caliph wherever Moslems were subject to Europeans, even to remote parts of Africa, including Morocco; others worked among the Moslems of China. These missions seem to have been fairly effective, as a Pan-Islamic writer asserts that the khulbah (Friday sermon) continued to be pro- nounced in the name of the Ottoman Caliph in Tunis in spite of French objection; and that when, in 1912, a republic was pro- claimed in China the Chinese Moslems signified their adhesion on condition that the rights of the Ottoman Caliph were not infringed thereby.

Attempts were also made to deal with the old difficulty which had confronted Pan-Islamism, the schism between Sunnah and Shi'ah. Early in 1911 a letter was published by a number of Ottoman and Persian jurists assembled at Nejef, asserting that there was no difference of principle between the two sects and urging cooperation between the two empires, Persia being at that time, it was supposed, menaced by England and Russia. The Agha Khan, head of a sect so heretical that 'Abdul Hamid II. had declined to admit him to an audience, made a tour in India to advocate the claims of a Moslem university. Articles advocat- ing union appeared in various Sunni and Shi'i journals; indeed, the Moslem press as a whole was Pan-Islamic.

Nevertheless, as early as 1910 prominence had been given to a new antithesis, which may be said to have ultimately wrecked the schemes for reunion of the Moslem communities. In that year the Constantinople journal Iqdam, an organ of the Commit- tee, adopted a tone unfriendly to the Arabs, whom it charged with readiness to sell their honour for gold- an accusation vehe- mently resented in the Arabic-speaking countries. But in fact the seeds of dissension between the Turkish and Arab elements in the Ottoman Empire had been sown in the Constitution, in Art. 68, par. 10 of which it is enacted that after the expiration of a period of four years a condition of eligibility to the Chamber of Deputies shall be ability to read and write Turkish. This rule definitely aimed at making Turkish the language of the empire; and in the resolutions in favour of Pan-Islamic propaganda the en- couragement of the study of Turkish was recommended. The true Pan-Islamic view was that Arabic should be the common language of Islam; some, indeed, suggested that the empire should be bilingual, with Turkish for its secular and Arabic for its religious language; in any case, that every Moslem should learn Arabic in addition to any idiom which happened to be his mother tongue. Journals were started in the Turkish and Arabic inter- ests respectively ; the latter were represented in Constantinople by one called at first Sirat Mustaqim, afterwards Sabil al-Rashad. The Committee of Union and Progress more and more inclined to the Turkish side and to the substitution of Pan-Turanianism for the Ottoman nationality. In the races subject to the Russian Empire and speaking different varieties of Turkish they found their natural allies; and for these the Ottoman literature could count as classical, being in any case far superior to anything of their own. This policy of Turkification involved the Committee in wars in Albania, the Hauran and S. Arabia; they planned treating the Arab parts of the empire as colonies, to be ruled from Constantinople without the right of sending deputies to the Cham- ber; and they were charged with the design of disarming all Moslems in the empire except the Turks, and with advocating neglect of the ritual of Islam. Where military exercises interfered with religious the latter were to give way; devout officers were, it is said, dismissed and replaced by free-thinkers.