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374 future. Nor was Sazonov the man to curry favour with Esthonia, Latvia and Georgia, in order to obtain help, at the cost of a renunciation of the imperial interests of his country. (Author:Paul Vinogradoff)

SCAPA FLOW, an expanse of sea, in the S. of the Orkneys, bounded by Pomona on the N., Burray and South Ronaldshay on the E. and S.E., and Hoy on the W. and S.W. The area contains seven small islands and is about 15 m. in extreme length (N. to S.), and about 8 m. in mean breadth. There are two chief exits one, 7 m. in length and 2 m. in mean breadth, into the Atlantic Ocean by Hoy Sound, and the other, 3$ m. in length by 2 m. in mean breadth, into the North Sea by Holm Sound. Scapa Flow contains several good anchorages, the best being Longhope in the island of Hoy. When the danger of a war with Germany came first to be apprehended, it was proposed to establish the chief British naval base, in the event of war, at Rosyth in the Firth of Forth, but it was afterwards decided that a larger base in a natural harbour farther N. would be required, and in 1912 it was proposed to construct defences both at Cro- marty and at Scapa Flow. Permanent defences at Scapa were, however, abandoned in 1913, owing to the developments of sub- marine warfare, which rendered it very costly to protect the various entrances. Immediately on the outbreak of war, bat- teries were erected at Scapa and the Territorial Garrison Artil- lery of the Orkneys were mobilized to man them. Scapa Flow was preferred to the Cromarty Firth as his chief naval base by Admiral Jellicoe, but no preparations had been made and every- thing had to be improvised, guns being landed from the ships to strengthen the defences. The absence of preparations came to be felt more strongly with the rapid growth of the submarine men- ace, for the depth and number of the entrances made it a seri- ous problem to establish adequate defences. By the middle of Oct. 1914, " U" boats were active in the neighbourhood of Scapa Flow, and on Oct. 16, an enemy submarine was reported to be in the Flow. The few capital ships which happened to be there put to sea, and it was recognized that the base would be unsafe until anti-submarine defences were installed. While the neces- sary operations were in progress, the fleet occupied temporary bases in Skye and Mull and in the defended harbour of Lough Swilly in Ireland, and the absence of the fleet was successfully concealed. By the end of 1914, the entrances of Scapa Flow had been adequately protected, facilities for carrying out all but the most serious repairs were installed, and Scapa Flow gradually assumed the aspect of a great naval station, which it retained to the end of the war. As a precaution against espionage, navi- gation in the adjacent waters was very severely regulated, and an ever-widening region of the mainland (ultimately extending as far S. as the Caledonian Canal) was proclaimed as a prohibited area. The German ships which were surrendered in Nov. 1918 were interned in Scapa Flow, where on June 21 1919, all the battleships and battle cruisers, with the exception of the battle- ship " Baden" and five light cruisers, were scuttled. Three light cruisers and some smaller vessels were beached.

SCARBOROUGH, England (see 24.301). The pop. decreased from 38,161 in 1901 to 37,224 in 1911. In 1913 the municipal area was increased from 2,562 to 2,902 acres. The town was bombarded by a squadron of German cruisers on Dec. 16 1914; 18 persons were killed, 84 injured, and damage done to 231 buildings. On April 27 1917, it was ineffectually shelled by sub-marines, but in a second attack, on Sept. 4 of the same year, 3 persons were killed. The repair of the castle walls and keep, considerably damaged in the bombardment of Dec. 1914, was in progress in 1921.

Excavations of archaeological interest were carried out on the foundations of the old Northstead Manor House at Peasholme, and the remains of the Roman camp on Castle Hill have been bared and opened up. To the amenities of Scarborough were added during 19 1 1-2 1 : a bathing pool measuring 350 by 190 ft. at the foot of the cliff in South Cliff Gardens; a new Floral Hall of Glass in Alexandra Gardens, with accommodation for 1,500 people; Peasholme Park as a public garden, with a boating lake; and the Spa Promenade was extended and a bandstand and large cafd added. A town-planning scheme was prepared in 1921. Some industrial works were estab- lished during the decade, including a piano factory at the Mere, clothing factories, a motor-body works and a colour-printing works.

SCARFOGLIO, EDOAROO (1860-1917), Italian journalist, was born at Paganico (Aguila) in 1860, and died at Naples Oct. 6 1917. He was one of the most vigorous and ablest journalists of his time and an excellent newspaper manager as well as editor. He founded the Corriere di Roma, the Corriere di Napoli, the Ora of Palermo and the Maltino of Naples. It is with the latter paper, which he owned and edited for many years, that his name is chiefly associ- ated. He was the husband of the novelist Matilde Serao (see 24. 661), from whom, however, he had been separated formany years.

SCHARLIEB, MARY DACOMB (1845- ), British surgeon, was born in London June 18 1845, the daughter of William Candler Bird. She was educated privately, and married a barrister who was then practising in India. She wished to study medicine, at that time an extremely difficult profession for a woman to adopt, and entered the medical college at Madras, receiving its diploma in 1878. She afterwards went to England and studied at the London School of Medicine for Women, taking her degree as Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery in 1882 with very high honours. In 1883 she returned to India, and became lecturer in midwifery and gynaecology at the Madras Medical College and examiner in the same subjects to the university of Madras. In 1888 she took her London degree of M.D., and from 1887 to 1902 was sur- geon at the New Hospital for Women, being senior surgeon from 1889. In 1887 she was appointed lecturer on forensic medicine to the Royal Free Hospital, in 1889 lecturer on midwifery, and in 1902 chief gynaecologist. She retired from these posts in 1909. In 1917 Mrs. Scharlieb was made C.B.E. She was a member of the royal commission on Venereal Diseases (1913-16), and pub- lished A Woman's Words to Women (1905); The Mother's Guide (1905); The Seven Ages of Woman (1915); The Hope of the Future (1916); The Welfare of the Expectant Mother (1919).

SCHEER, REINHOLD (1863- ), German admiral and ultimately commander-in-chief of the German battle fleet in the World War, was born Sept. 30 1863 at Obernkirchen in Hesse- Nassau. He served in the German colonial wars in Cameroon and E. Africa and was appointed in 1903 to the command of the ist Torpedo Division. Subsequently he was for a time at the head of the Central Section in the Imperial Navy Office. In 1913 he was promoted to the rank of vice-admiral and was made commander of the 2nd squadron. In 1916 he was appointed to the command of the German battle fleet (Hochseeflotte). He was in command of the Fleet at the battle of Jutland, and in his book Deulschland's Hochseeflotte im Weltkrieg claimed to have won a victory there. In July 1918 he was made chief of the Admiralty staff and again in Aug. of the same year chief in command of the Fleet. In Dec. 1918 he was retired.

SCHEIDEMANN, PHILIPP (1865- ), German Social-Demo- cratic leader, was born July 26 1865 at Kassel. He was by trade a printer, but in 1895 took to editing Socialist newspapers, first at Giessen and afterwards successively at Niirnberg, Offenbach and Kassel. In 1903 he was elected member of the Reichstag for the great industrial constituency of Solingen, and in the course of the World War he became the leader of the Social-Democratic party. In his reminiscences of the war period, which he published in 1920 under the title of Der Zusammenbruch (The Collapse), he gives an account of the attitude of the Socialist party as a whole at the beginning of the war, and of the change of policy which, to the disappointment of international socialism in other countries, led the German Socialists to give an all but unanimous vote in the Reichstag for the first war credits. He refers to the hurried visit of his Socialist colleague Hermann Muller to Paris on Aug. i 1914 to discuss the situation with the French Socialists, and the effect of Miiller's report, when with great difficulty he had managed to make his way back to Berlin. Scheidemann represented the attitude of the great majority of the Socialists in the Reichstag, if not in the country, by persistently supporting the Government in the main lines of its war policy, up to the months immediately before the so-called "Peace Resolution" of July 19 1917 at any rate. In conjunction with Erzberger he was one of the leading authors of this Resolution, which demanded " peace without annexation or indemnities." Before this date the