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Rh 1920 54 m. of track. A tunnel under Fort Mason, connecting the Government docks and the Presidio with the Belt line, was com- pleted in 1914. The harbour was self-supporting, paying all mainte- nance, interest and redemption of bonds. In 1911 the people of the state voted $9,000,000 and in 1914 $10,000,000 in bonds for port development. In 1920 the harbour board approved plans for an extensive combination dock and warehouse, accessible by ship and rail. The freight discharged and landed over the wharves of the port of San Francisco, exclusive of federal and private wharves, increased from 6,866,148 tons in the year 1910-1 to 10,257,612 tons in 1918-9. The foreign trade of the port in the period 1909-19 increased 274%; while the increase for the United States during the same period was 107 %. The value of the foreign trade for 1920 was: exports $220,- 257,77'. imports $212,021,768, a total of $432,279,539. The tonnage movement for the same period was: outgoing 7,033,480, incoming 7,183,042, total 14,216,522.

Industries and Finance. Since 1916 shipbuilding has been the most important industry of San Francisco. In the three-year period 1916-9 there were constructed in the metropolitan district 97 cargo ships of a total of 945,783 tons and 1 10 naval craft, including three super-dreadnoughts. In 1920 there were completed 68 cargo ships of 607,650 deadweight tons.

In Jan. 1921 the estimated number of factories in the city was 2,500, employing more than 55,000 wage-earners. The principal industries, with the estimated value of their product in 1920, were printing and bookbinding, $20,000,000; fruit and vegetable canning, $15,000,000; slaughtering and meat-packing, $20,000,000; foundry and machine-shop products, $17,500,000; lumber and timber products, $7,500,000.

Bank clearings increased from $2,427,075,543 in 1911 to $8,122,- 064,916 in 1920, placing San Francisco eighth in the United States in bank clearings. The assessed valuation of property in 1920 on approximately a 50% basis was $819,820,078.

Public Works. The plans of the city in 1910 to own its own water supply culminated in the Hetch-Hetchy water and power project. The city owns a watershed of 420,000 ac. in the Sierras on the head- waters of the Tuolumne river, 160 m. distant, from which 400,000,000 gal. of water can be secured daily and 250,000 H.P. produced. The work of development was well under way in Jan. 1921. A railway 68 m. long to Hetch-Hetchy valley and the Lake Eleanor dam were already built, over 18 m. of tunnel were under construction and a hydro-electric plant of 4,000 H.P. was in operation. The contract for the Hetch-Hetchy dam was let for $5,400,000. Bonds for $45,- 000,000 were issued and $8,000,000 spent by March 192 1.

Buildings and Parks. The value of private building operations was $22,873,942 for 1910, $18,626,199 fr 1915, $18,644,343 for 1919, and $32,869,009 for 1920. Among the notable public buildings are those of the Civic Center, located in the heart of the city and surrounded by a plaza. They consist of three main buildings: the city hall, costing $4,000,000; the auditorium, with a seating capa- city of 12,000, given by the Panama-Pacific International Exposi- tion and costing $1,275,000; and the public library, costing $ 1,000,- ooo. A state building costing $1,000,000 was in Jan. 1921 in process of construction near the Civic Center. Among recent buildings were the First National Bank, American National Bank, Robert Dollar building, Balfour building, Bank of Italy and the Southern Pacific building. The Exchange building, the building of the California Title Insurance Co., the Crocker building and the Furniture Ex- change building were under construction in March 1921. In Jan.

1921 there were 34 parks in San Francisco with an area of approxi- mately 2,500 acres. The Golden Gate Park Memorial Museum had been completed. Nine playgrounds were in use and several more under construction. The public library, as part of the Civic Center, was in 1921 housed in a magnificent building; there were also nine branches and 13 deposit stations with a total of 240,000 volumes, with a home circulation of 1,368,685. The Palace of Fine Arts of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition was given after the fair to the San Francisco Art Association; many of the art treasures shown in 1915 remained there. In Feb. 1921 ground was broken in Lincoln Park for a California Palace of the Legion of Honor as a memorial to the Californians who gave their lives in the World War and as a museum of art.

Education. In 1920 there were 107 public schools, including high schools, with 1,928 teachers and an enrolment of approximately 80,000 pupils. The university of California, at Berkeley, and the Leland Stanford Jr. University, at Palo Alto, each had important teaching departments in San Francisco.

History. The opening of the Panama Canal was celebrated, Feb.-Dec. 1915, by the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco, representing an investment of $50,000,000. The exhibits, numbering about 80,000, were valued at $300,- 000,000. Thirty-nine foreign nations and 37 states and three territories of the United States were represented at the exposi- tion. The attendance began with 245,000 on opening day, Feb. 6, rose as high as 348,500 on Nov. 2, San Francisco Day, and reached a total of 18,500,000. The architecture was of a highly varied and monumental character. One of the artistic merits of

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the exposition was its effective colour scheme, while the night illumination was extremely ingenious and impressive. In spite of the World War the foreign exhibits were remarkably com- plete. Financially as well as artistically the exposition was a success. After presenting to the city of San Francisco the auditorium already noted, the exposition authorities had on hand a final net profit of a little more than $1,000,000. The whole enterprise had been undertaken without Government subsidy; the city and state, however, appropriated $5,000,000, while private contributors added $7,500,000 more. Receipts from concessions were $7,809,565 and from admission fees $4,715,523. The beginning of a new era in world trade, which the exposition celebrated in connection with the opening of the Panama Canal, was delayed by the World War, but with the resumption of normal conditions trade increased. Following the prosecutions begun in 1907, corruption in the city govern- ment was largely eliminated, but it reappeared, though on a smaller scale, after 1909. The election under a new primary system in 1911 of a mayor and city government opposed to " graft " brought in an era of reform. In Dec. 1911, by an exten- sion of the city charter, members of the police and fire depart- ments were placed under civil service. A number of other char- ter amendments were made during the decade 1910-20, but there was no material enlargement in the power of the city. (R. A. V.)

SAN GIULIANO, ANTONINO PATERNO-CASTELLI, MARQUIS DI (1852-1914), Italian statesman, was born at Catania in 1852, a member of a very ancient and noble Sicilian family. After graduating in law at the university of Catania, he began his public career in the field of local politics and in 1879 was chosen mayor of his native city. In 1882 he was elected to parliament and proved an active worker on committees, speaking frequently and well on foreign and colonial affairs, railway, agricultural, social and fiscal problems. In 1891, as member of the committee of inquiry on Eritrea, he opposed the African policy of both the Crispi and the Rudini Cabinets. When in the following year Sig. Giolitti became premier, the Marquis di San Giuliano was selected as under-secretary for agriculture, while in the Pelloux ministry (1899-1900) he held the portfolio of posts and telegraphs. During the next few years he devoted himself to travel in the near East and in North Africa and to the study of the problems concerning those regions. Having been defeated at the elections of 1904, he was nominated senator; in parliament he had long been a staunch follower of Sig. Sonnino; but when, in Dec. 1905, Sig. Fortis became prime minister, he accepted the post of minister for foreign affairs, and on the fall of the Cabinet early in 1906 he was appointed ambassador in London, where he remained until 1910, gaining much popularity and contributing to render Anglo-Italian relations ever more cordial. He enjoyed the special regard of the late King Edward VII., who afterwards visited him at Catania. From London he was transferred to Paris; but he soon returned to the Consulta as member of the Luzzatti Cabinet (1910-11), and continued at the same post in Sig. Giolitti's administration. In the autumn of 1911 the crisis with Turkey broke out, and it is believed that it was he who convinced the premier of the national necessity for the Italian occupation of Libya. During the whole tenure of office the Marquis di San Giuliano was an ardent believer in the Triple Alliance, on which he thought that Italy's foreign policy should be based, and attached the greatest importance to a good understanding with Austria, an attitude not calculated to win him popularity in many circles; under his guidance consequently Italy opposed Serbia's desire for a port on the Adriatic and Greece's aspirations in Epirus, and supported the policy of creating an independent Albanian State. On Giolitti's resignation in March 1914, San Giuliano retained office under Sig. Salandra, at the latter's urgent request, and was soon faced by the responsibilities arising out of the outbreak of the World War. Public opinion was inclined to attribute the declaration of Italian neutrality to the premier rather than to the minister for foreign affairs. But it is certain that, once the decision had been taken, the Marquis di San Giuliano carried out the policy it involved with the most complete loyalty.