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Rh president of the House of Peers and was raised to the Privy Council in 1894. In the same year he received the portfolio of education in the second Ito Cabinet, temporarily acting as Minister of Foreign Affairs during the illness of the late Count Mutsu. He was again Minister for Education in the third Ito Cabinet from Jan. to June 1898, and was nominated president of the Privy Council on the death of Count Kuroda, three times acting as prime minister during the interval between the resignation of one Cabinet and the formation of the succeeding one. In July 1903, he became the leader of the Seiyu-Kai and in 1905 formed his first Cabinet as prime minister; he was again premier in 1911 to 1912. In 1919 he represented Japan as chief envoy at the Peace Conference and was invested with the Grand Order of Merit. He was made a prince in 1920 in recognition of his services in connexion with the World War and the Peace Conference.

SAKHALIN (see ).—The Japanese portion of the island of Sakhalin, to the S. of the parallel of 50° N. lat., known officially as Karafuto, was ceded to Japan under the treaty of peace with Russia in Oct. 1905. The area is about 13,148 sq. m. and the pop. in 1920 was 105,765. The taxes and other sources of revenue from the island, with the addition of a grant of about 700,000 yen from the national treasury, are sufficient to cover the administration, the budget balancing at about 10,000,000 yen.

The chief industry of the island, and one of the oldest, is that of the fisheries, and these are being successfully developed. The most important is the herring fishery, followed by trout and salmon, these all being relegated to specially controlled areas; cod and crab are also plentiful, the latter being canned and exported chiefly to America.

About 17,000 ac. of land were under cultivation in 1918, the chief crops raised being oats, barley, potatoes, peas and buckwheat. More than 900,000 ac., suitable for cultivation and pasturage, are still available and many settlers are engaged in agriculture, the climate and soil rendering this a profitable undertaking. There are over 8,000,000 ac. of practically untouched forest, chiefly conifer, on the island, providing in the future an almost inexhaustible supply for the manufacture of pulp for paper-making. In consequence, five pulp manufactories have already been established, each producing over 10,000 tons per annum, and five more are projected.

There are three important coal-fields in the island, producing about 136,000 tons annually. Alluvial gold is found in the river beds, iron pyrites exist in large quantities in the Notoro peninsula, and in 1907 and 1913 oil-bearing strata were discovered on the W. coast in large areas at Anshi and Notasamu.

SALANDRA, ANTONIO (1853–), Italian statesman, was born at Troia in 1853. He first entered parliament as member for Lucera and from the beginning of his political career he sympathized with the views of Baron Sonnino. When the latter became Treasury Minister in the Crispi Cabinet of 1893, Salandra was chosen under-secretary in that department. He was Minister of Finance in the first Sonnino Cabinet of 1906 and Treasury Minister in the second (1909–10). When in March 1914 Sig. Giolitti resigned, Sig. Salandra was called upon to form the new Cabinet, and he was Premier when the World War broke out in Aug. following. On the death of the Marquis di San Giuliano in Oct. he offered the Foreign Office to his former chief, Baron Sonnino, who accepted it. It was the Salandra Cabinet which took the momentous decision of bringing Italy into the World War on the side of the Allies, and it conducted the Government of the country during the first months of the campaign more successfully than any of the succeeding war Cabinets. On resigning office in June 1916, he continued to support both the Boselli and the Orlando Cabinets. As professor of Constitutional Law in the university of Naples he published several important works on legal subjects, and translated Spencer's Principles of Sociology.

SALISBURY, JAMES EDWARD HUBERT GASCOYNE-CECIL, (1861–), English politician, eldest son of the 3rd marquess (see ), was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford, where he took a second-class in History in 1884. The next year he entered Parliament as member for Darwen. He was defeated in 1892, but he returned as member for Rochester in 1893 and remained in the House of Commons till he succeeded his father in 1903. He fought in the S. African War with the 4th battalion of the Bedfordshire regiment, and was mentioned in despatches. On his return in 1900 he became Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, a post which on succeeding to the peerage he quitted for that of Privy Seal in the Cabinet of his cousin, Mr. Arthur Balfour; and he held, for some months in 1905, the office of President of the Board of Trade. Lord Salisbury never loomed large in the House of Commons, though he was for some years chairman of the Church Parliamentary Committee, and discharged competently his duties as Foreign Under-Secretary. But he gradually came to occupy a position of increased authority in the Upper House. He threw in his lot in 1911 with the "Die-hards," and spoke in favour of defeating the Parliament bill and daring the Government to create sufficient peers to carry it. During the early years of the war he was energetic in the discharge of his military duties as lieutenant-colonel of his yeomanry regiment. He did not join either Coalition Government, but was critical of both, taking an independent line. As the war drew to a dose he gradually came to assume the informal leadership of a Conservative and Unionist Opposition in his House, showing himself particularly sensitive to departures from the old policy of his party on Irish and ecclesiastical questions. He married in 1887 Lady Cicely Alice Gore, daughter of the 5th Earl of Arran, and had two sons and two daughters. He was created K.G. in 1917.

SALONIKA CAMPAIGNS, 1915–1918.—Under the heading of the conquest of Serbia in 1915 by Austro-Hungarian forces is narrated. The idea of reinforcing the Serbian front with Allied forces had been contemplated both in England and in France some time before it was carried out. British and French guns, in charge of naval missions, had taken some part in the campaign of 1914, and stores had been sent up from Salonika at intervals. In the winter of 1914–5 Lord Kitchener several times considered the advisability of sending a number of the British Army Divisions into Serbia via Salonika. On the part of the French, M. Briand, it is said, proposed later in 1914 to make a serious military effort in the Balkans. But the Dardanelles campaign diverted attention from this project, and it was not till in August 1915, when the failure of the Dardanelles offensive was evident, that the creation of an Anglo-French army on the Balkan front was seriously undertaken. General Sarrail, whose military reputation stood very high in France, had been suddenly deprived of his command of the III. Army by Joffre, ostensibly owing to an unsuccessful combat at Boureuilles in Argonne, but really as the result of long-continued friction between the two. Sarrail, however, stood in close relations with the political leaders of the Left, and the autocratic methods of Joffre's G.Q.G. had already raised considerable opposition in the Government and the Chamber; it suited the Government, therefore, to satisfy the Left, to snub the G.Q.G., and to remove to a distance a forceful and ambitious personality, by sending Sarrail to the Mediterranean as commander of an army yet to be created.

Appointed on Aug. 5, Sarrail was ordered to study the military situation and submit proposals. In his written projects he came to the conclusion that it was impossible to abandon ground in the Gallipoli peninsula, and had asked for both his own and the British contingents to be made up entirely from forces in France or in England. An inter-Allied conference, held at Calais early in September, had agreed to this, but with the reservation that no forces were to go till after the forthcoming Champagne and Artois offensives had taken place. But the news of the Bulgarian mobilization drove home at last the urgency of the crisis. Orders went to the Dardanelles on Sept. 26 for two British Divisions—in the sequel one—to go thence to Salonika; the French "Expeditionary Corps" was likewise to send a Division, and the Greek authorities had agreed to permit the landing. Sarrail himself was to bring a mixed brigade from France, as an earnest of the forces promised later.

On Oct. 3 advanced parties of the French landed at Salonika without difficulty, only a formal protest being made by the authorities on the spot. Next day M. Venizelos in a speech at Athens declared that Greece would come to the aid of her ally Serbia against any attack by Bulgaria, and at once a crisis arose at Athens. On the 5th King Constantine informed Venizelos that the policy indicated had not his support, and the Government fell, to give place to the neutralist Zaimis cabinet.