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308 western front. Prince Rupprecht's first wife, a daughter of Duke Karl Theodor of Bavaria and sister of the Queen of the Belgians, died in 1912. In 1918 he was betrothed to Princess Charlotte, afterwards Grand Duchess of Luxemburg, but at the end of the war the betrothal was annulled. Prince Rupprecht renounced his claims to the Bavarian throne at the time of his father's abdication (Nov. 1918), and in 1919 he offered to stand his trial before a Court of Justice for State Affairs, if such a court, as had been contemplated, were instituted. In a letter written in 1917, but published only in 1921 in the press, Prince Rupprecht declared his disapproval of the foreign and military policy of Germany during the World War, and expressed the well-founded opinion that it was doubtful whether the Hohen- zollern dynasty would survive the war.

It may be noted that through his mother, the Archduchess Maria-Therese of Austria-Este, Prince Rupprecht is the descendant of the Stuarts and might, therefore, pose as the "legitimist" claimant of the British Throne.

RUSSELL, BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM (1872- ), English mathematician and philosopher, second son of Viscount Amberley and grandson of the ist Earl Russell, was born at Chepstow May 18 1872. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took a first-class both in the mathemati- cal tripos and in the 2nd part of the moral sciences tripos, he remained at Cambridge as a lecturer, and became well known as a student of mathematical philosophy and a leading expo- nent of the views of the newer school of Realists. In June 1916, Mr. Russell, who had taken a strong line against the Govern- ment, and was a " conscientious objector," throughout the World War, was fined 100 and 10 costs for making state- ments calculated to prejudice recruiting, and, in consequence, Trinity College, Cambridge, deprived him of his lectureship. His chief published works, on which his philosophical repu- tation was based up to the outbreak of the World War, were German Social Democracy (1896); Essay on the Foundations of Geometry (1897); Principles of Mathematics (1903); Principia Mathematics (with A. N. Whitehead, 1910) and Our Knowl- edge of the External World (1914). Later he published Princi- ples of Social Reconstruction (1917); Mysticism and Logic (1918); The Analysis of Mind (1920) and (after a visit to Russia) The Theory and Practice of Bolshevism (1920).

RUSSELL, GEORGE WILLIAM (1867- ), Irish writer and painter (best known under his sobriquet of "&"), was born in Lurgan, co. Armagh, Ireland, April 10 1867, the second son of Thomas Elias Russell. He went to Dublin with his parents in 1874, and was educated at Rathmines school. After some years spent in an accountant's office in Dublin he joined the Irish Agricultural Organization Society in 1897 and became an organ- izer of agricultural societies. In 1904 he became editor of the Irish Homestead, the organ of the agricultural cooperative movement in Ireland, a position he still held in 1921. He published his first book of verse, Homeward: Songs by the Way, in 1894. His second, The Earth Breath, was published in 1897. Literary Ideals in Ireland, some essays in collaboration with W. B. Yeats, W. Larminie and John Eglinton, appeared in 1899; and Ideals in Ireland, essays in collaboration with W. B. Yeats, Douglas Hyde, Standish O'Grady, D. P. Moran and Lady Gregory, appeared in 1901. The Nuts of Knowledge, a book of selections of his lyrics, was hand-printed in 1903. The Divine Vision, his third book of verse, appeared in 1904; The Mask of Apollo, a book of mystical tales, appeared in the same year; New Poems (edited, 1904); a hand-printed selection of his verse By Still Waters (1906); some Irish Essays (1906). Deirdre, a play in three acts, was published in 1907. The Hero in Man, an imaginative musing on the character of the soul, appeared in 1909; The Renewal of Youth, a similar meditation, in 1911. Cooperation and Nationality and The Rural Community, two pamphlets embodying cooperative ideals, were published re- spectively in 1912 and 1913. Collected Poems appeared in 1913, and Gods of War and other poems, privately printed, in 1915. Imaginations and Revc/ies, a book of prose essays, was published in 1915; The National Being: Some Thoughts on an Irish Polity in 1917; The Candle of Vision, prose, in 1919. He was a member of the Irish Convention called in 1917, and his Thoughts for a Convention, now embodied in the 1921 edition of Imaginations and Reveries, appeared that year. As well as those mentioned, he published from time to time pamphlets on various social and political subjects.

As a poet he ranks among the mystics, in the sense that his verse is dominated by a spiritual conception of the universe. Of the two great poets brought to light by the Irish literary revival, W. B. Yeats and "&," it might be said of Yeats that he coined for the world the treasure recovered by the renewed access to Gaelic sources into what was virtually a new language in poetry, and of "L " that he brought into Irish literature the ancient spiritual thought of the world. His gifts as a poet are reinforced by the vision of an artist, and though in verse he attained his highest expression, his paintings convey a vision of nature as intimate and delicate as in his verse.

He embodied his ideals for the cooperative movement and his thoughts for an Irish polity in The National Being. In this book cooperative ideals are used, in a fashion entirely novel, for the creation of a society which would be easily malleable to human impulse and yet stable. The foundations of his state do not begin in a legislature but in the parishes of the country, the social order taking precedence of the political order. He exhib- its a general dread of the highly organized state, a dread which may be to some extent an Irish characteristic, and would make the pillars of his nation innumerable cooperative societies, each with the largest freedom for economic and social development, but federated together for enterprises which are too extensive for operation by a small community alone. He would like these communities to do many things which in other countries State departments are asked by socialists to undertake. His ideas on these matters had considerable effect upon the younger generation of Irishmen as well as upon the cooperative agri- cultural movement in Ireland, founded by Sir Horace Plunkett, and in which "JE " had worked so many years. His Candle of Vision is a record of a personal psychological experience ex- pressed in a luminous and distinguished prose. His economic writings in The Irish Homestead and elsewhere, his imaginative prose writings, his verse and his painting, exhibit a unity and har- mony rare in one whose modes of expression are so diverse. This probably arises because all are inspired by a conception of God and man and Nature as one single yet multitudinous being, and out of this philosophical root comes the harmony of character maintained throughout in work in such varied spheres as paint- ing, poetry, psychology, economics and politics. (S. L. M.)

RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852-1906), American geologist (see 23.862), died at Ann Arbor, Mich., May 1 1906. RUSSELL, SIR THOMAS WALLACE, (1841–1920), Irish politician, was born at Cupar, Fife, Feb. 28 1841. At the age of eighteen he went to Ireland and settled at Donaghmore, co. Tyrone, working as an assistant in a drapery shop. In 1864 he became secretary and parliamentary agent of the Irish temperance movement, and became well known as a speaker for that cause; it was largely due to his energy that the Irish Sunday Closing Act was passed in 1878. In 1885 he unsuccessfully contested Preston as a Liberal, but in the following year was elected to Parliament for S. Tyrone. The Home Rule controversy was then at its height, and Russell was one of the most determined opponents of Gladstone's measure. His valuable work for the Unionist cause led in 1895 to his appointment as parliamentary secretary to the Local Government Board, a post he held until the general election of 1900. About 1899, however, Russell's views underwent a change, and from this time he not only gave up his advocacy of the Unionist policy in Ireland, but became its unceasing and rather bitter critic. His book Ireland and the Empire (1901) was largely an attack on the Irish agrarian system, and he also expressed in it his distaste for the Ulster point of view in no measured terms. He became in 1902–3 a member of the Dublin Land Conference, presided over by Lord Dunraven, which ultimately led to the passing of Mr. George Wyndham's Land Purchase Act (1903). In 1907