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292 ity and even to the justice of other points of view. Nevertheless this intensity, this moral fervour, gave his ideas a momentum and a success which they could never have acquired had they proceeded from a more judicial mind. He scorned " weasel words," and on occasion he did not hesitate to describe his enemies as thieves and liars. His remarkable energy reminded observers of some great elemental force which, like any natural phenomenon, is controlled by its own necessary laws. When Lord Morley was leaving the United States in 1904 he was asked by reporters what in America had impressed him most. " Two things," he replied, " Theodore Roosevelt and Niagara Rapids."

His fearlessness was as conspicuous as his energy. With a courage very rare in political life he attacked the iniquities that had crept into the conduct of American business. He asserted the importance of personal rights when these were being openly denied in the name of property rights. He rallied the patriotic elements of the country against the menace of a private " money power " which not only had frequently dictated the course of legislation but threatened to usurp the authority of the Government itself. He felt strongly that any position involving the exercise of power had its obligations as well as its privileges, and this feeling lent force to his denunciation of " predatory interests " and " malefactors of great wealth." On the other hand he had little patience with demagogic attacks on men or corporations merely because they were rich or success- ful, as was shown in his famous utterance in which he compared the authors of these journalistic attacks with the " muckrakers " in Pilgrim's Progress. It was said of him satirically that he had invented the Ten Commandments; but Roosevelt's earnest- ness in behalf of old truths was of the essence of his service to his countrymen, and more important at the juncture than the discovery of new ones.

His great personal power was used in the furtherance of honesty, fair dealing and patriotic service, when more than lip service to these virtues was vitally needed. He threw all his energy into the effort to bring about a reapplication of funda- mental moral principles to American business and political life. While he was unquestionably an astute politician, the secret of his success lay in his imaginative understanding of the views and feelings of his countrymen: his enthusiasm was contagious because he vividly expressed what they already felt and believed to be the truest American ideals. When he spoke for the " square deal," the American people as a people always responded.

Born of a wealthy family, in an aristocratic society, enjoy- ing all his days a literary and artistic atmosphere, he was still a natural democrat. He had a personal interest in every man or woman that he met, and a genuine affection literally for thou- sands of individual persons. He was a scientific man whose observations and deductions were valued by naturalists and in- vestigators. He was a literary man, very widely read. He was an intellectual man, interested from youth to age in literature and philosophy. He was a politician without a rival in his time for boldness, foresight, and an innate knowledge of what his fellow countrymen were thinking about. He was a statesman of the most brilliant ability, who after a crushing defeat returned to power over the minds of the people and was on his way again to the presidency of the United States. His bitterest politi- cal enemies accepted his coming back to national leadership. To few men in history has it been given to wield such far- spreading and wholesome personal influence.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Between 1909 and 1919 Roosevelt published about 15 books, several of them consisting of articles and addresses. The more important are African Game Trails (1910); Conservation of Womankind and Children (1912) ; Theodore Roosevelt, an Autobiog- raphy (1913, contains little beyond 1909) ; Life-Histories of African Game Animals (2 vols. 1914); A Hunter- Naturalist in the Brazilian Wilderness (1914); Through the Brazilian Wilderness (1914); A Book- lover's Holiday in the Open (1916). His principal later books on public affairs and on the World War are Realizable Ideals (1912) ; America and the World War (1915 and 1919) ; Fear God and Take Your Own Part (1916) ; National Strength and International Duty (1917); The Great Adventure (1918). Numerous collections of ex- tracts and speeches have been published, especially those of W. F. Johnson (1909); L.F.Abbott (African and European, 1910); W. Griffith (1919); J. B. Bishop, Letters to his Children (1919).

The most important biographies are those by J. B. Bishop (1920) ; H. Hagedorn, Boy's Life of Theodore Roosevelt (1919) ; W. D. Lewis (1919); W. R. Thayer (1919); Bradley Gilman (1921) and H. Hage- dorn's Roosevelt in the Bad Lands (1921). A useful list of books by and about Roosevelt is J. H. Wheelock's, Bibliography of Theodore Roosevelt (1920). (A. B. H.)

ROOT, ELIHU (1845- ), American lawyer and political leader (see 23.711), was elected president of the N.Y. State Bar Association in 1910, and chairman of the board of trustees of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1913. He was chair- man of the N.Y. State Republican Convention in 1912, 1913, 1914, 1916, and permanent chairman of the Republican National Convention in 1912. In 1913 he favoured the repeal of the bill exempting American shipping from Panama Canal tolls. He also approved President Wilson's policy of non-interference in Mexico. He assailed as class legislation the exemption of labour unions and agricultural associations from the Sherman Anti- Trust Act. On Dec. 10 1910 he was awarded the Nobel peace prize because of his work in the pacification of the Philippines and Cuba as well as his*part in the negotiations between the United States and Japan. The same day he became a member of the Court of Arbitration for settling the claims of British, French and Spanish subjects in connexion with property seized by the Portuguese Government when a republic had been pro- claimed. In 1915 he opposed Secretary Bryan's treaty with Colombia, disapproving any apology for incidents attending the acquisition of the Canal Zone and regarding the proposed pay- ment of $25,000,000 as too large. He attacked the Ship Pur- chase bill, pointing out dangers of international difficulties in case interned vessels were taken over. He also argued that for the Government to acquire shipping would discourage private enterprise and was socialistic in tendency. He was president of the State Constitutional Convention in 1915 and worked for many reforms, including the short ballot, means for remedying the law's delays and the excessive cost of securing justice, and the making of impeachments easier. When submitted to the voters, however, the new constitution was defeated. He was unanimously elected president of the American Bar Association in 1915. The same year he retired from the U.S. Senate, hav- ing refused to stand for a reelection.

He had long advocated preparedness on the part of the United States and early in 1917 spoke in favour of war against Germany. After the United States entered the World War he urged full support of the President. In May 1917 he was appointed chairman of the special American mission sent to Russia and was given the rank of ambassador. Arriving at Petrograd in June he addressed the Russian Council of Minis- ters and in Moscow spoke at a special session of the Duma and at a meeting of the local Council of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates. Later he visited General Brussilov at staff head- quarters. On his return to America he was elected honorary president of the National Security League, succeeding Joseph H. Choate. On Sept. 25 1917 he presided at the meeting of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage and de- nounced suffrage agitation during the critical period of the war. He had never supported the movement and in 1914 had been blacklisted by the National American Suffrage Association. He approved in general the Covenant of the League of Nations but in 1919 suggested six amendments to protect American interests, including reservations concerning the Monroe Doctrine and immigration. He favoured separate consideration of the Peace Treaty and the League. He was strongly opposed to the Prohibition amendment to the Federal Constitution; was retained as counsel by several brewing interests and in 1920 argued before the U.S. Supreme Court against its constitutionality, but unsuccessfully. In 1920 the President reappointed him U.S. delegate to the Hague Tribunal and he went to Holland to assist in organizing the Permanent Court. In July 1920 he spoke at the unveiling of St. Gaudens' statue of Lincoln in London. In 1921 he was one of the four U.S. delegates at the Washington Conference on the Limitation of Armament.

He was the author of several volumes of lectures and addresses, including Experiments in Government and the Essentials of the Con-