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Rh Winchester and New College, Oxford, he entered the Indian civil service in 1873 and he had a distinguished career; but his principal work was done in connexion with Indian ethnography, the discussion of the caste system, etc., and he published under Government auspices some important volumes of anthropometric data. He had charge of the Indian census operations of 1901. In 1910 he was appointed secretary of the judicial department of the India Office. He was made K.C.I.E. in 1907, and he died at Wimbledon Sept. 30 1911.

RITCHIE, ANNE ISABELLA, LADY (1837-1919), English writer (see 26.716), eldest daughter of W. M. Thackeray, died at Freshwater, I. of Wight, Feb. 26 1919. She is best remembered perhaps as the author of Old Kensington (1873). Amongst her other novels were The Story of Elizabeth (1863) and The Village. on the Cliff (1865). She also published various volumes of biographical essays (Madame de SgvignS, 1881, and A Book of Sibyls, 1883, etc.), and contributed a most interesting series of prefaces to the Library edition of her father's works, thus supply- ing a substitute for the regular biography of him that he had always deprecated. Her husband, SIR RICHMOND THACKERAY RITCHIE (b. 1854), became permanent Under-Secretary of State for India in 1910, and died Oct. 12 1912. RIVIERE, BRITON (1840-1920), English painter (see 23.387), died in London April 20 1920. His later works include "Aphrodite " (1902) and " Hark! Hark! the Lark " (1909), also a portrait of Lord Tennyson (1909). His eldest son, HUGH GOLDWIN (b. 1869), became a well-known painter; and the second son, CLIVE (b. 1872), a prominent physician. RIVINGTON, FRANCIS HANSARD (1834-1913), British publisher (see 23.387), died July 2 1913. RIVOIRA, GIOVANNI TERESIO (1840-1919), Italian archaeologist, was born at La Manta di Saluzzo in Piedmont Sept. 22 1849. He came of an old Piedmontese family and on his mother's side was descended from the Riccati (see 23.288), a family of mathematicians and architects. He took his training as an archi- tect and engineer at the university of Turin, entered Rome with the Italian army in 1870 and thenceforth resided there, devoting his life to travel and to the study of the architecture of the later Roman Empire. In 1884 he married Edith E. Johnson of Cheltenham. He published two monumental works, Le Origini dell' Architettura Lombarda (1901-7, Eng. trans. 1910) and Architettura Musulmana (1914, Eng. trans. 1919). At the time of his death in Rome March 3 1919 he was engaged upon a third, Architettura Romana, which was posthumously published in Rome (1920) by his widow. ROBERT-FLEURY, TONY (1837-1911), French painter (see 23.403), died in 1911. ROBERTS, FREDERICK SLEIGH ROBERTS, EARL (1832- 1914), British field-marshal (see 23.403). Subsequently to 1905 Lord Roberts took an active and leading part, as head of the National Service League, in the movement in favour of com- pulsory military service for home defence. On the outbreak of the World War he was a frequent and welcome visitor at the War Office, and shortly after the arrival of the two Indian divisions in France he crossed the Channel to visit them when the weather was cold and inclement. He was attacked by pneumonia while at the front, and he died at St. Omer on Nov. 14 1914, the title going by special remainder to his elder daughter, Aileen Mary. He was buried in St. Paul's.

Lord Roberts was a tried and brilliant commander in the field. His self-reliance and willingness to accept risks when planning operations were demonstrated by the daring advance to Kabul after the massacre of the Cavagnari Mission, and by his swoop across the Orange Free State from the Modder to Bloemfontein in Feb. 1900, abandoning his communications. That instinctive grasp of a tactical situation which stamps the great captain was displayed by him on many occasions, notably when he attacked the Afghans on the Peiwar Kotal and at Kanda- har, and on the occasion of his riding on to the field of Paarde- berg. His attractive personality and his natural kindliness made him a most popular chief, and, even if he hardly ranked as a military administrator of the very foremost class, his stewardship in the high offices that he filled in India and at home was advantageous to the army and to the State. An eminently knightly figure, Lord Roberts was a fine horseman, a great gentle- man, an ardent patriot and a devout Christian.

ROBERTS, GEORGE HENRY (1869- ), English Labour politician, was born at Chedgrave, Norfolk, July 27 1869. His parents removed to Norwich where he attended an elementary school and evening classes. In 1883 he was apprenticed to the trade of printer and compositor. At the expiration of appren- ticeship he went to London and joined the London Society of Compositors. After a year he returned to Norwich and identified himself with the movement to organize local printers in a branch of the Typographical Association, of which he became president and ultimately secretary. He also became president of the Norwich and District Trades and Labour Council. He was elected to the Norwich School Board in 1899, being the first candidate run by the local Labour party to win a seat on a public body. In 1904 he was elected to the post of national organizer of the Typographical Association and was chosen as its parliamen- tary representative. He was returned as one of the members for Norwich at the general election of 1906, and has held the seat since. He was whip of the parliamentary Labour party for about eight years and a member of the executive council of the party. When the Labour party joined the Coalition movement in 1915 he became a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury; he was parliamentary secretary to the Board of Trade 1916-7; Minister of Labour, 1917-8; Food Controller, Jan. 1919. He resigned from the Government Feb. 1920. ROBERTS, JOHN (1847-1919), English billiard-player, was born at Ardwick, Manchester, Aug. 15 1847, the son of John Roberts, also a great player of billiards. Details of the exploits both of father and son are given in 3.937. John Roberts, jun., died at Worthing Dec. 23 1919. ROBERTSON, SIR GEORGE SCOTT (1852-1916), British sol- dier and administrator, was born in London Oct. 22 1852. He was educated at Westminster hospital medical school, and in 1878 entered the Indian medical service. He served through the Afghan War of 1879-80, and in 1888 was attached to the Indian Foreign Office, being employed as agency surgeon in Gilgit, on trie frontier of Kashmir. In 1890-1 he travelled in Kafiristan (see 15.630). In 1893 he went as political agent to Chitral, and in 1895 was besieged there by hostile tribesmen (see 6.252). For his services he was created K. C.S.I., and appointed British agent in Gilgit. He retired from the Indian service in 1899 and returned to England. He unsuccessfully contested Stirlingshire in the Liberal interest in 1900, but was elected for Central Brad- ford in 1906. He died Jan. i 1916. ROBERTSON, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT, BART. (1850- ), British field-marshal, was born, of poor parentage, in Lines. Sept. 14 1859. He enlisted as a private in the 16th Lancers in 1877 and served in the ranks of that regiment until 1888, when he won a commission in the 3rd Dragoon Guards, then in India. On joining he eagerly studied his profession in all its branches and he was very successful in learning the native languages. He was selected to be railway staff officer in the Miranzai and Black Mountain operations of 1891, and in the following year he joined the intelligence department at Simla ; while on its staff he carried out a reconnaissance to the Pamirs, and in 1895 served with the Chitral Relief Force, being wounded and receiving the D.S.O. He passed through the Staff College in 1897-8 the first officer risen from the ranks to do so and then, after a few months at the War Office, went out to S. Africa on the intelligence staff; he accompanied Lord Roberts on his advance from Cape Colony into the Transvaal and was promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel for his services. He spent the period from 1901 to 1907 at the War Office, being promoted colonel in 1903, and he then went to the staff at Aldershot, where he spent three years. In 1910 he was appointed commandant of the Staff College, was shortly afterwards promoted major-general, and in 1913 became director of military training at the War Office.

On mobilization of the army for the World War, Sir W. Robertson he had been given the K.C.V.O. in 1913 was nominated