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 upon the data where these were not of the first order of scientific accuracy, as in his series of eastern equatorial Africa, scale 1:1,000,000 (1881–3), and of British East Africa, 1:500,000 (1889). One of his earliest writings was The Russians on the A mur (1861), but he was concerned mainly with the history of geog- raphy, as exemplified in his V asco da Gama's First Voyage (1898) and Martin Behaim, his Life and his Globe (1908), as also in his history of cartography in the E.B. (see 17.633). He was an active member of the Royal Geographical Society and of the British Association, over the geographical section of which he presided in 1890, and in which he served as chairman of a committee which made a valuable enquiry into the climatology of Africa. He had also a particular interest in gymnastics, and published a handbook on them in 1867. He died at Hofheim in the Taunus, Germany, March 13 1913.

RAWLINSON, HENRY SEYMOUR RAWLINSON, BARON (1864–), British general, was born Feb. 20 1864, son of Maj.-Gen. Sir H. Rawlinson, Bart. He joined the army in 1884 and a year later became A.D.C. to Sir F. Roberts in India on whose staff he served intermittently for some years. He took part in the Burma operations in 1886–7, and he was on the staff on the Nile in 1897-8, for which he was promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel; he had succeeded to the baronetcy in 1891. He went out to S. Africa on the staff in 1899, served through the defence of Lady- smith, and afterwards joined Lord Roberts and accompanied him to Pretoria and into the eastern Transvaal. Throughout the later stages of the war he commanded a column, and he was rewarded with a brevet colonelcy and the C.B. for his services. Then, after some months at the War Office, he became Com- mandant of the Staff College, passing on from there in 1906 to the charge of a brigade. He was promoted major-general in 1909 and commanded the 3rd Division from 1910 to May 1914.

He was at first employed at the War Office on the outbreak of the World War, but was in Oct. 1914 selected to command the IV. Army Corps that was being organized. He was in charge of the forces sent to assist Antwerp, and took part in the first battle of Ypres and in the Neuve Chapelle and the Loos offensives, being given the K.C.B. in 1915. He commanded the I. Army temporarily at the end of that year, was promoted lieutenant- general, and on the formation of a IV. Army was placed at its head. He commanded this during the battle of the Somme, achieving important successes, and was promoted general in recognition of his services. At the end of 1917 he was transferred temporarily to the command of the II. Army during Gen. Plumer's absence in Italy, and in Feb. and March 1918 he acted for some weeks as British representative on the Supreme War Council. But he was recalled from this to the field in April to resume command of the IV. Army before Amiens at a critical juncture. On Aug. 8 his troops in conjunction with the French attacked the enemy in this region and they gained a signal victory, which heralded the general advance of the Allies. His army played a prominent part a few weeks later in the storming of the Hindenburg line and in the subsequent victorious advance eastwards. On the final distribution of honours for the war he was raised to the peerage as Baron Rawlinson of Trent, received a grant of 30,000, and was given the G.C.B. In the latter part of 1919 he was sent to N. Russia to conduct the withdrawal of the Allies from Archangel and Murmansk, and on his return he commanded at Aldershot for a year. At the end of 1920 he went out to India as commander-in-chief.

RAYLEIGH, JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT, 3RD BARON (1842–⁠1919), English physicist (see 22.933), died at Witham, Essex, June 30 1919. He was succeeded as 4th baron by his eldest son, ROBERT JOHN STRUTT (b. 1875), already so well-known as a physicist and F.R.S. that he is commonly cited as Strutt when references are made to his scientific papers.

REA, SAMUEL (1855–), American railway official, was born at Hollidaysburg, Pa., Sept. 21 1855. In 1871 he joined the engineering corps of the Pennsylvania railway as chain and rod man, working on several branch lines. From 1875 to 1877 he was engaged, as assistant engineer, in the construction of the chain suspension bridge over the Monongahela river at Pittsburgh. He was next appointed assistant engineer for the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie, then under construction. He returned to the Pennsylvania lines in 1879, but ten years later joined the Baltimore and Ohio. For the latter road he was chief engineer for construction of the belt-line tunnel under Baltimore. In 1892 he was appointed an assistant to the president of the Pennsylva- nia railway and five years later first assistant. In 1899 he was elected fourth vice-president of the Pennsylvania, rising through the various grades to first vice-president in 1911, and when the numerical grades were discarded in 1912 was made vice-presi- dent. In 1913 he was elected president. He was also presi- dent at times of several other lines, including the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington; the West Jersey and Seashore; the Long Island; the Northern Central; and the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis. He was in charge of the construction of the Pennsylvania station in New York City (completed in 191 1) and the connecting tunnel under the Hudson river, as well as the New York connecting railway and Hell Gate bridge over the East river (opened in 1917). In 1917, after the United States entered the World War, he was appointed by the American Railway Association a member of the special commission on national defense of the Railroads War Board. He was also appointed director of the department of railroads, electric railways, highways, and waterways, of the division of transportation of the Committee of Public Safety of Pennsyl- vania. In 1917 he presented his private yacht to the U.S. Government for patrol duty in the Atlantic. In 1918, when the railways were taken over by the Government as a war measure, he was replaced as operating head of his road, but remained in charge of its corporate affairs. He was a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Institution of Civil Engineers of London, and the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. He was the author of The Railways Terminating in London (1888). READING, RUFUS DANIEL ISAACS, (1860–), British lawyer and statesman, was born in London Oct. 10 1860, of a Jewish family. He was educated at University College school, and later at Brussels and Hanover, and after a brief experience of the London Stock Exchange he was called to the bar in 1887. He speedily earned the reputation of a brilliant lawyer, and in 1898 became a Q.C. In 1904 he entered the House of Commons as Liberal member for Reading, and in 1910 was made solicitor-general and knighted. The same year he became attorney-general, and in June 1912 was given a seat in the Cabinet the first attorney-general to be so distinguished. In Oct. 1912, Sir Rufus Isaacs’s name came under unfavourable discussion during the course of the enquiry into the Marconi contracts, but on the retirement of Lord Alverstone in 1913 he was appointed Lord Chief Justice of England. On the outbreak of the World War his advice on financial questions was of great value to the Government, and he was responsible for some of the most important measures immediately taken by the Treasury in connexion with the situation in the “City.” Both at this time and later, his services in the sphere of national finance were, indeed, invaluable. In 1915 he went to the U.S.A. as head of the Anglo-French loan mission, earning golden opinions. He was raised to the peerage as Viscount Reading in 1916, and in 1917 again went as special envoy to America. On his return he was created Earl of Reading, and in 1917, on the retirement of Sir Cecil Spring-Rice, owing to ill-health, went to Washington for a brief period as high commissioner and special ambassador. At the beginning of 1921 he was appointed Viceroy of India in succession to Lord Chelmsford, and resigned the lord chief justiceship. Lord Reading married, in 1887, Alice, daughter of Albert Cohen. His only child, Gerald Rufus Isaacs, Viscount Erleigh (b. 1889), married in 1914 the daughter of Sir Alfred Mond.

RED CROSS WORK. (1) BRITISH. The British Red Cross, organizations existing before 1905 were, in that year, amalgamated and formed into a new body called the British Red Cross. Society. The immediate object of the society was preparation in time of peace for the ultimate work of rendering voluntary