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Rh Whether the expense of the more elaborate American terminals i justified in view of the limited profit obtained from passenger busi ness is a question which gave rise to no little discussion. Estimates were made as to the number of miles of new track that could be lak with the money expended for terminals, and it was demonstrated in some instances that terminal charges were making serious inroads or passenger profits. " As showing what some railways are up against,' said John A. Droege, general superintendent of the New York, New Haven & Hartford railway, writing in 1916, " it is worth noting that the New Haven has to pay 29 cents for each passenger it brings into the Grand Central terminal in New York." ' The U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission, in its report in the Anthracite case (35 I.C.C. 270), under the head of " Unproductive Betterments," said: " The Pennsylvania has expended on its new passenger terminal properties in New York City approximately $114,000,000. These properties are operated by the Pennsylvania Tunnel & Terminal railway company, and the operations result in a deficit each year. The deficit in the year ended June 30 1913 was $2,087,000. . . . Thus the question is presented: Must the present effective freight rates of the Pennsylvania earn an annual return of 6 % on the invest- ment in these terminal properties? The record shows that $47,000,- ooo of the expenditures in this property has been charged to profit and loss and to income of the Pennsylvania that is, its past sur- plus income has already contributed $47,000,000 to the cost of this property." In answer to such criticisms Samuel Rea, president of the Pennsylvania lines, stated in 1917 that in seven years the traffic of the Pennsylvania station had increased from 9,862,434 to 18,135,- 311 annually, and that if the probable period of its usefulness was considered it could not be regarded as an unproductive betterment. He pointed out also that had the Pennsylvania waited longer to pur- chase a site in Manhattan the prices would have become prohibitive. By leasing " air rights " and retail privileges within the station, the owners of the Grand Central terminal were able in 1920 to make an effective answer to criticisms of this sort. Following the example of the Grand Central, many railways sought to make their stations productive investments. Thus the Michigan Central constructed a seventeen-story office building in connexion with its station at Detroit, while the designers of the proposed Union station at Chicago, estimated to cost nearly Si 00,000,000, altered their plans to provide for a huge office building over the head house and train shed.

Closely connected with the criticism of expense was the criticism on the score of excessive size. Ironic references were made to the " magnificent distances " which passengers were compelled to walk between the street and trains. Examples of the distance walked by passengers purchasing tickets and checking baggage were given as follows: South station, Boston, 1,100 ft.; Northwestern, Chicago, 940 ft. and 20 ft. climb; Pennsylvania, New York, 480 to 950 ft., depending on the entrance used ; Grand Central, New York, 450 ft. ; Union, Washington, 1,200 feet. It should be said, however, that space is required if immense crowds are to be handled, and a slight extra walk is a small price to pay for freedom from the discomfort of crowded passage-ways. Nevertheless there were some leading rail- way men who believed that future development would be in the direction of more and smaller terminals located at various parts of a city. One proposal was to construct a system of subways, making each stop a Union Railway Station.

See J. A. Droege, Passenger Terminals and. Trains (New York, 1916). (H. B.*)

RAINER, ARCHDUKE OF AUSTRIA (1827-1913), noted as one of the most cultivated and liberal-minded members of the ' Austrian imperial house, was born on Jan. n 1827. His father, also named Rainer, the seventh son of the Emperor Leopold II. and of his consort Maria Luisa of Spain, was born in Florence in 1783, and from 1818-48 was viceroy of the kingdom of Lombardo- Venetia; his mother was the Princess Elizabeth, sister of Charles Albert, King of Sardinia. After serving in the army, the Archduke Rainer was in 1857 placed at the head of the permanent Imperial Council organized in 1851, which stood immediately under the Emperor and had among its functions the preparation of laws, and his experience in this office convinced him that the transition to a constitutional form of government on a liberal and centralized basis was necessary. In 1860 he conducted the negotiations for a strengthened Imperial Council; in 1861 he became head of the Government as president of the council of ministers of the Liberal Schmerling administration. His name is associated with the promulgation of the charter of the Con- stitution of Feb. 26 1861. In the same year Rainer became curator of the Academy of Sciences, a position which he filled till his death. In July 1865, when politics had shifted from the basis of the 1861 Constitution, he laid down office, and retired from public affairs. In 1872 he was appointed to the supreme

1 In 1921 36 cents (23 cents terminal entrance and 13 cents toll- age), representing charges from Woodlawn (n m.), not including cost of operation.

command of the newly established Austrian Landwehr, to the organization of which he devoted many years of work. He continued to take a keen interest in art and science. As patron of the Arts and Crafts Museum (1862-98), and as curator of the Academy of Sciences, he won a high reputation. He greatly furthered the general knowledge of antiquity by the purchase of the papyrus discovered at Fayum, which was called, after him, the " Rainer papyrus." He married in 1852 Marie Caroline! daughter of the Archduke Charles, the victor of Aspern. There were no children of the union. He died on Feb. 27 1913.

RALEIGH, CECIL (1856-1914), English actor and playwright, was born Jan. 27 1856. He was the son of Dr. John Fothergill Rowlands, and took the stage name of Raleigh. He played for a time in musical comedy, but deserted acting for playwriting and, either alone or in collaboration, produced an immense number of melodramas, staged at first chiefly at the Comedy theatre, London, and in later years at Drury Lane. Cheer, Boys, Cheer (1895); Hearts arc Trumps (1899); The Best of Friends (1902) and The Whip (1909-10) are typical examples. He also acted as dramatic critic to two or three London papers, and became secretary to the School of Dramatic Art in Gower St., London. He died in London Nov. 10 1914.

RALEIGH, SIR WALTER (1861- ), English man of letters, was born Sept. 6 1861 in London, and was educated at Univer- sity College, London, and King's College, Cambridge. He was professor of modern literature at University College, Liverpool, and professor of English literature at Glasgow, and in 1904 was appointed professor of English literature at Oxford. He 1 was knighted in 1911 and elected to a fellowship at Mcrton College in 1914. His publications include The English Novel (1894); The English Voyagers (1904) ; Six Essays on Johnson (1910) ; Romance (1917) and many essays on literary subjects.

RAMPOLLA, COUNT MARIANO DEL TINDARO (1843-1913), Italian cardinal (see 22.877). When Pius X. was elected Pope, Cardinal Rampolla resigned all his appointments, retiring into the background. He had always been filled with a high sense of the dignity of his office, and while secretary of state had entertained in princely style; but personally he was a man of austere habits, and after his retirement he led the simplest life. A sound scholar, he devoted his last years to study, particularly to hagiography and Christian archaeology. He died in Rome Dec. 17 1913.

RAMSAY, GEORGE GILBERT (1830-1921), British classical scholar, was born at Fontaineblcau July 19 1839, the third son of Sir George Ramsay of Banff and a member of a well-known family of scholars. He was educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated first-class in Literae Humaniores (1861). He then became assistant to his uncle William Ramsay, professor of Humanity at Glasgow, and succeeded him in 1863, occupying the chair until 1906 and becoming a great teaching force in defence of a classical education. He was the first president of the Classical Association of Scotland which he helped to found. He was also a keen politician and a considerable athlete. His published work includes a Manual of Latin Composition (3 vols., ist ed. 1884, 4th ed. 1897); an annotated version of The Annals of Tacitus (2 vols. 1904-9) and of the Histories (1915), as well as translations of Juvenal and Persius for the Loeb Library. He died at St. Andrew's March 8 1921.

RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM (1852-1916), British chemist (see 22.880), died at High Wycombe July 23 1916. In 1904 he was awarded the Nobel prize, and in 1911 was president of the British Association. In 1913 he resigned his professorship of chemistry at University College, London. After his death a 'und amounting to 53,772 was raised to perpetuate his memory jy providing a laboratory of chemical engineering in connexion with University College, London, and founding Ramsay Memorial research fellowships of 300 a year each, tenable in any university in the United Kingdom for the advancement of chemical science.

RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL (1851- ), British archaeologist (see 22.880), resigned his professorship at Aberdeen