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1124 AGLUL, SAAD (c. 1860- ), Egyptian pasha, was the son of a notable in the district of Ibian, Gharbia Province. He was educated at the village school and afterwards at the university of El Azhar, in Cairo. When he had completed his prescribed course of studies, he was, in 1880, appointed editor of the Official Journal. Later he was nominated a Moawin under the Ministry of the Interior and eventually became Chief of the Contencieux for the province of Giza. Involved in the Arabi revolt, he was one of the many notables detained on the occupation of Egypt by British troops in 1882. On his release he ceased to hold office and in 1884, when the native tribunals were instituted, he began to practise at the bar. In 1892 he was appointed counsellor of the native court of appeal. Having become proficient in the French language and in the science of law, he obtained his diploma in law. He became Minister of Education in 1906, and under his "enlightened administration" it was said by Lord Cromer (Modern Egypt, vol. ii., p. 535) that "education in Egypt made rapid strides in advance." A change of the Ministry during Lord Kitchener's tenure of the Cairo Agency resulted in Zaglul's ceasing to hold the portfolio for Education, but he was appointed vice-president of the Legislative Assembly and he took a special interest in its deliberations until the outbreak of the World War, when the sittings of that body were temporarily suspended.

On the signing of the Armistice Zaglul, who had for long been considered the principal spokesman of the Nationalist party, appealed to the Residency in Cairo for the recognition of Egyptian independence, basing his demand on President Wilson's self-determination policy to which effect had been given by the British Government's issue of a Proclamation defining the status of the other countries liberated from Tftrkish rule by the war. When his proposal that he and some representative Nationalists should visit London to press their views was refused by the Government, he became discontented, and his attitude was so hostile that he and three others were arrested and deported to Malta. This was the signal for a murderous outbreak in Egypt in which British officers and others were killed, and the country became much disturbed. Zaglul and his friends were later released, and freedom of travel, which war measures had hitherto restricted, was permitted to all. A special Mission under the chairmanship of Visct. Milner was sent to Egypt in Nov. 1919 to enquire into matters and make representations. Zaglul eventually came to London and discussions between him, Adly Pasha and Lord Milner took place, the results of which were published in the " Milner Report." Zaglul returned to Egypt early in 1921, where he represented the extreme Nationalist party in opposition to the more moderate ministry under the presidency of Adly Pasha. At the end of the year, when trouble again broke out in Egypt, Zaglul was arrested once more and deported to Ceylon.

ZANGWILL, ISRAEL (1864- ), English man of letters (see 28.956*), subsequently to 1909 published various volumes of essays, Italian Phantasies (1910), The War for the World (1916), The Principles of Nationalities (1918) and The Voice of Jerusalem (1920); and a novel, Jinny the Carrier (1919). In drama he produced The War God (1911, acted at His Majesty's theatre, London), The Next Religion (1912, London Pavilion), Plaster Saints (1914, Comedy theatre), and Too Much Money (1918, Ambassadors theatre). He took an active part as a speaker on behalf of the woman suffrage movement, and also as a pacifist during the World War. His attempts, as founder of the Jewish Territorial Organization, in connexion with the Zionist movement, to combine all the Jewish organizations in a scheme for the acquisition of the highlands of Angola as the "Jewish national home" had proved abortive before the outbreak of the World War; and subsequently, when the British Government gave its support to the setting apart of Palestine for this object, Mr. Zanglul and the J. T. O. declined to work with the Zionists on this basis. The J.T.O., however, organized an Emigration Regulation department for deflecting the stream of Jewish emigration from the Ghetto of New York to the southern states of the American Union, west of the Mississippi, a fund being established for this purpose, to which Mr. Jacob Schiff contributed 100,000, the firm of Rothschild 10,000, Baron Edmund de Rothschild 10,000, and M. Brodsky, of Kiev, 10,000.

ZANZIBAR (see 28.958). The pop. of the protectorate wa estimated in 1920 at 198,000; that of Zanzibar I. at 115,000 and that of Pemba at 83,000. Zanzibar city had some 36,000 habitants. The Arab aristocracy large landowners numbered about 10,000; there was an equal number of British Indians and about 300 Europeans, the British colony being the largest.

The transshipment of goods to and from the mainland of E. Africa and the growing of cloves are the chief sources of wealth. In 1919 it was estimated that some 60,000 ac. were under cloves, with about 5,500,000 trees in bearing. The average output 1910-20 was about 14,000,000 Ib. Next to cloves comes the cultivation of the coco-nut palm for copra, there being in 1919 about 2,500,000 trees in th islands. In 191 1 the clove crop was worth 436,000, in 1913 412,0 and in 1918 595,000. Copra exports in 1911 were valued at 203,- ooo, in 1913 at 216,000, and in 1918 at 151,000 (having been wo 299,000 in 1917).

Apart from cloves and copra most of the exports figure also ; imports, being goods in transit. Zanzibar, however, suffered to considerable extent by the extension of direct steamship communica- tion between Europe and India and the mainland of E. Africa, goods formerly transshipped at Zanzibar being taken direct to or fro Mombasa, Tanga and Dar es Salaam. But if Zanzibar ceased serve as a gigantic go-down or storehouse for the whole coast, retained its position as the chief city of E. Africa and remained th headquarters of the principal Indian merchants trading with T Africa. It also retained the dhow traffic, being visited yearly L hundreds of boats from the coast of Arabia and the Persian Gull The construction of a concrete wharf 1,300 ft. long, with a minimur of 30 ft. alongside, in progress in 1920-1, and other harbour iir provements made Zanzibar port more accessible to shipping. Th gross tonnage of shipping clearing the port in 1910 was 1,087,0 it rose to 1,502,000 in 1913, but fell, largely owing to war conditions to 547,000 in 1916 and to 378,000 in 1918. It had risen to 582,00' tons in 1919. Imports (including bullion and specie) were valued i 993,000 in 1910, at 1,103,000 in 1913, at 2,366,000 in 1918 an at 1,934,000 in 1919. Exports in 1910 were valued at 1,033,001. in 1913 at 1,048,000, in 1918 at 2,133,000 and in 1919 at 2,444,- ooo. The bulk of the trade is with India, England and E. Africa.

Revenue rose from 204,000 in 1910 to 407,000 in 1919; in th same period expenditure increased from 189,000 to 323,000. Mori than half the revenue is derived from customs. There was a publii debt at the end of 1919 of 100,000.

History. Sayyid AH bin Hamud, the Sultan, a young man wh had been educated at Harrow, who kept his court on Europea models and was fond of travel, abdicated in 1911 while on a visit to Europe. He died in Paris in Dec. 1918. Ali was succeeded by his brother-in-law Sayyid Khalifa ben Harud, a great nephew Sultan Bargash. Khalifa, born at Muscat, Aug. 27 1879, he attended the coronation of George V. and was proclaimed Sulta on his return from London, Dec. 1911. He proved whole-heartedly loyal to the British, and his moderating influence did much to steady Moslem opinion in E. Central Africa during the war.

In July 1913 the control of the protectorate was transferred from the Foreign to the Colonial Office. Mr. Edward Clarke the British Agent since 1909, had died at Zanzibar in previous Feb. Under the Colonial Office the governor of British E. Africa (Kenya Colony) was appointed High Commissioner of Zanzibar, the local administration being in the hands of British Resident, to which office Maj. F. B. Pearce was appointed in 1914. The Resident also took over the functions of first minister, a post which had been filled by Capt. F. R. Barton The Sultan became president of the Protectorate Council, which three Arab notables sat as unofficial members. The council has advisory powers only, but decrees of the Sultan are binding when countersigned by the British Resident.

During the war Zanzibar served as a base for the Britisl naval squadron. On Sept. 20 1914, while the ancient


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