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Rh numbered 502, with 44,294 employees and products of $292,107,000. The values of other products were: food and kindred lines, $283,- 531,000; chemicals and allied products, $210,240,000; clothing manu- facture, $189,629,000; paper and printing industry, $146,510,000; leather and rubber goods, $130,585,000; building and contracting, $70,344,700; lumber and its remanufacture, $41,747,700; and tobacco and its products, $27,648,000.

History. Municipal history in 1910-20 was marked with few items of interest outside of the political aspect and the natural effect of American participation in the World War. The late John G. Johnson, the noted corporation lawyer, who died April 14 1917, gave the city his collection of 1,300 pictures, appraised at $4,445,802, but estimated to be worth $7,000,000. In May 1919 the art collec- tion of Mrs. Emily L. Harrison was left to the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art for permanent exhibition in Memorial Hall. In Oct. of the same year, the George W. Elkins collection of paintings, containing no masterpieces of the Dutch, Flemish and 18th-century portrait schools, and valued at approximately $2,500,000, was left to the city for display in the new Art Museum. In 1921 the late John Howard McFadden, a cotton broker, left to the municipality his collection of about 50 18th-century English paintings, estimated at $2,000,000. The collection includes the famous Gainsborough, " Lady Rodney," and a number of fine portraits by Romney and Raeburn. Under the will the collection was to be housed in the projected Art Museum in Fairmount Park, provided that it was completed by 1928. In March 1921, the ar- chitects announced that it would be completed within three years.

A free library was being built in 1921, and a convention hall was planned for the Parkway, a thoroughfare from City Hall to Fair- mount Park completed in 1919. Three large municipal piers were completed between 1916 and 1920 and three more were under con- struction. An elaborate subway and elevated transit system was being built by the city, the first line of which, to Frankford, was expected to be in operation by 1922.

War Period. Philadelphia sent 54,127 men into the National army through the draft,.and nearly equalled that figure with volun- teer enlistments in the regular army, National Guard and Marine Corps. The city supplied the personnel of two full regiments of the 28th Div. and practically the full personnel of two regiments of the 79th Div., National army.

The city subscribed to the different Liberty Loans and to the Victory Loan as follows :

Loan

Apportion- ment

Subscribed

Per capita Subscription

First Liberty. Second Liberty Third Liberty Fourth Liberty Victory ....

$94,694,750 139,499,950 136,499,950 259,198,000 186,209,450

Si45,i72,95o 234,901,000 J69,35o,6oo 311,306,250 208,482,200

$80 130

94 172

"5 (A. E. McK.)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (see 21.392). The census of 1918 gave the pop. as 10,350,640, of whom 855,368 were classed as non-Christians. The 9,495,272 Christians were in 1918: Filipinos, 9,429,857; Chinese, 45,156; Japanese, 6,684; Americans, 6,405; Spaniards, 4,015; English, 1,063; a ll others, 2,092. The non- Christians were subdivided into Mahommedans and pagans. In 1917 H. Otley Beyer, of the University of the Philippines, estimated the Mahommedan pop. at 315,980, while the pro-

the Romance languages differ among themselves. The English language is used currently in all parts of the islands, being spoken by more people than ever spoke Spanish. Literacy is high among the Christian population. The cultural position of the Negritos is about the same as when they were discovered by the Spanish in 1521. The so-called " wild " peoples (all pagans except for a few who have embraced Christianity) occupy about the stage of culture exhibited in the i6th century by the ances- tors of the Christian Filipinos. The culture of the Christian Filipinos is distinctly occidental and is unique in the Orient.

Manila, the capital, and Baguio, the summer capital, located in the uplands, in the Mountain province, are the only two chartered cities. Manila, the metropolis, which coincides with Manila province, had in 1918 a pop. of 283,613, or 20,858 to the sq. m., and Baguio had 5,462. In the 55 provinces and sub- provinces, there were in 1918 88 1 municipalities, 80 municipal districts, and 15 other subdivisions. The largest municipalities in 1918 were: Cebu with 65,300 inhabitants; Albay (Luzon), with 53,105; Iloilo (Panay), with 49,808; Batangas (Luzon), with 41,182; Ormoc (Leyte), with 38,247; Laoag (Ilocos Norte), with 38,294; and Baybay (Leyte), with 36,934. The most important are Cebu and Iloilo. The most populous provinces are: Cebu, with 857,410 inhabitants; Leyte, with 597,995; Pangasinan, with 567,644; Iloilo, with 508,272; Occidental Negros, with 397,325; Samar, with 380,211; Bohol, with 359,600, and Batangas, with 340,195. The most densely populated prov- inces, apart from Manila, are Ilocos Sur (Luzon), with 217,410 inhabitants, or 492 to the sq. m.; Siquijor (Oriental Negros), with 56,695, or 461 to the sq. m.; Cebu, with 459 to the sq. m.; La Union (Luzon), with 160,575, or 459 to the sq. m. ; Cavite (Luzon), with 157,347, or 339 to the sq. m.; Pampanga (Luzon), with 257,641, or 313 to the sq. m.; Pangasinan (Luzon), with 292 to the sq. m.; and Laguna (Luzon), with 195,371, or 271 to the sq. mile. The Batanes Is., a sub-province lying N. of Luzon, have the smallest pop. of any provincial division (8,214), and a density of 1 1 1 to the sq. mile. The least densely populated is the sub-province of Apayao (Mountain province, Luzon), which has 11,123 inhabitants, but only 6 to the sq. mile. The majority of the people are engaged in agricultural and allied pursuits, and among the professional classes are men of con- siderable attainments.

Agriculture. Between 1913 and 1918 the cultivated area of the Philippine Islands (total area, 73,585,583 ac. or 115,026 sq. m.) rose from 5,859,877 ac. or 7-96% of the whole, to 7,294,159 ac., or 9-91 % of the whole. The Filipino too or peasant, naturally a good farmer, has been slow to adopt modern and more efficient methods, but through the efforts of the Bureaus of Agriculture and Education a beginning has been made in some places. In 1918 the value of the agricultural output was $183,479,158. The nine most important crops were those of which the following table shows the area, pro- duction and value in 1910 and 1918:

Acreage

Production (tons)

Value

1918

1910

1918

1910

1918

1910

Rice Abaca (manila hemp) .... Coco-nuts

Sugar-cane Indian corn ..... Tobacco

3,379,305 1,265,894 828,936

507,612 1,033,413

193-754 2,820 1,896 80,524

2,944,588 1-1/5,585 405-556

205,412 1,432,026 132,456 3,151 2,637 21,237

1,539.186 166,863 1,506,796,110 (number) 396,242 309.798 61,555 566 721 16,664

810,786 168,452 937,927-927 (number) 152,639 392,484 28,006

74 85 4,628

$67,581,687 46,246,612 28,266,896

20,579,389

10,509,324 7,609,577

252,335 222,991 1,853,606

$31,300,133

13,476,171 19,470,813

7,631,966 11,774.525 3,780,915 33,406 34,378 277,700

Coffee Maguey (aloe)

vincial governors of Mindanao and Sulu estimated it in 1919 at 402,799. Of the pagans, approximately 30,000 were Negritos, and most of the others belonged to Malayan stocks. Head- hunting among the pagans virtually ceased owing to vigilant Government control.

The Christians include eight races, namely, Tagalog, Sambal, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Iloko, Ibanag, Bicol, all inhabiting the iland of Luzon and islands near it, and the Bisaya, inhabiting the southern islands, including part of Mindanao. Each race
 * a distinct language, which differs from the others as widely as

The production of rice fails to meet demand, and imports are necessary. In 1910 imports amounted to 184,620 tons, and total consumption to 712,674 tons; in 1918 imports and exports were, respectively, 159,130 tons and 47 tons; and consumption, 1,161,344 tons; in 1919 imports and exports were respectively 148,724 and 296 tons, and total consumption, 1,067,699 tons. To prevent profiteer- ing in so vital a commodity, the Government has, in times of scarcity, purchased rice abroad, and sold it at a fair price. The cultivation of abaca has been given a new impetus by a law (No. 2380) which grades the product according to the cleaning of the fibre. Sugar is raised in almost all the islands, but chiefly in Negros, Panay and Luzon. The construction of up-to-date sugar " centrals " in many localities