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914 of the German invasion. He personally inquired into many of the allegations against the invading army, and as a result issued his famous pastoral letter "Patriotism and Endurance." In this he strongly protested against the cruelties which had been inflicted on the Belgian population, at the same time recommending submission to the authorities in everything that was just. This pastoral was widely read, in spite of all the efforts of the German authorities, and the cardinal declined in any way to retract his words. Henceforth, during the four years of the German occupation, he did not cease to protest against violations of right and justice by the Germans, and was often in conflict with the military authorities, as his correspondence with the German governor shows. Some of his protests were successful and on Oct. 17 1918 Baron von der Lancken, head of the political department at Brussels, announced to him the impend- ing liberation of political prisoners. The dignity and courage of the cardinal's conduct were universally recognized.

(F. M.)

 MERRIMAN, JOHN XAVIER (1841- ), South African statesman, was born on March 15 1841 at Street, Som., England. He was a son of Nathaniel James Merriman (1810-82) who in 1841 had become vicar of Street, and was afterwards arch-deacon of Grahamstown, dean of Cape Town and, from 1871, Bishop of Grahamstown. The family removed to South Africa in 1849. John Xavier was educated at the Diocesan College, Rondesbosch, and later at Radley College, England. He returned to South Africa in 1861 and became a farmer.

Merriman began his political career in 1869, when Cape Colony was in the transition stage of representative government. In temperament and outlook an aristocrat of the Whig school his subtle mind brought him in turn into cooperation with opposing parties, but he was always a champion of personal liberty and an advocate of native rights. In 1872, despite his opposition, the Cape obtained self-government, and in 1875 Merriman joined the Molteno Ministry as commissioner of public works. He was already distinguished for his energy and capacity, and when in 1877 war with the Galeka Kaffirs broke out Merriman became virtually Secretary for War in the Cabinet. In this work he came into collision with the governor, Sir Bartle Frere, who complained of Merriman's “insane attempt to ape Gambetta,” and insisted that he (Frere) alone had the right to direct the war. Molteno supported Merriman; in the result Frere dismissed the Cabinet, Feb. 1878.

Merriman came into office again in the Scanlen Ministry (1881-4), and again as commissioner of public works. It was a period of great difficulty following the Majuba campaign and the retrocession of the Transvaal. In the Cape the Afrikander Bond had been formed, and its more than dubious attitude to the British connexion alienated Merriman from the Dutch extremists. “My quarrel with the Bond,” he said in a speech at Grahamstown in 1885, “is that it stirs up race differences. Its main object is to make the South African Republic (the Transvaal) the paramount power in South Africa.” The Bond had caused the fall of the Scanlen administration because the Ministry opposed the attempt of the Transvaal Boers to seize Bechuanaland. In the last few weeks of its existence Merriman and Cecil Rhodes had been colleagues and when Rhodes formed a Ministry in 1890 Merriman joined it as treasurer-general. Meanwhile the Bond, under the guidance of Jan Hofmeyr, had adopted a constitutional programme, and 1890 saw a drawing-together of the Dutch and British elements at the Cape. But the uitlander troubles in the Transvaal became acute, and in 1893 Merriman resigned. In Dec. 1895 came the Jameson Raid. Merriman, who was chairman of the Cape parliamentary committee which inquired into the raid, and drew up its report, desired reforms in the Transvaal, not its absorption into the British Empire. “The greatest danger to the future,” he declared in a letter to President Steyn (dated March n 1898), “lies in the attitude of President Kruger and his vain hope of building up a State on a narrow, unenlightened minority.”

The general election in Cape Colony in the latter half of 1898 gave the Bond a very narrow victory, and P. W. Schreiner be- came Prime Minister, with Merriman (treasurer-general again) and J. W. Sauer as his chief colleagues, though none of them was members of the Bond. This was the Ministry in office when the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902 broke out (see ). Merriman was among the ministers who in 1900 opposed the measure to disfranchise the Cape rebels; this opposition led Schreiner to tender the resignation of the Cabinet. Later Merriman and Sauer came to England to plead for the restoration of the independence of the Boer republics. At the general election of 1904 Merriman was defeated, but was return shortly afterwards at a by-election. He led the opposition during the Ministry of Dr. Jameson and in Jan. 1908 succeeded him as Prime Minister and treasurer-general (see ).

Merriman lent the weight of his great authority to the movement for unification and was a member of the national convention which hammered out the new constitution. He was one of the delegates who came to London in connexion with the passing of the South Africa Act as well as a delegate to the imperial conference on naval and military defence of 1909, on which occasion he was made privy councillor. When on the establishment of the Union in 1910 the Cape Parliament ceased to exist he did not join the Union Ministry under Botha (see article, section History). He remained a somewhat detached member of the South African party and a not infrequent critic of ministers. Holding that as an equal member of the British commonwealth South Africa had found it; proper place, he opposed the disruptive policy of Hertzog strongly as he had formerly supported the independence of t Boer republics. He married, in 1874, Agnes, daughter Mr. L. Vintcent, a member of the Cape Legislative Council.
 * (F. R. C.)

 MERRITT, WESLEY (1836-1910), American soldier (see ), died at Natural Bridge, Va., Dec. 3 1910.

 MERRY, WILLIAM WALTER (1835–1918), English classical scholar, was born at Evesham Sept. 6 1835. Educated at Cheltenham and Balliol College, Oxford, he became fellow and lecturer of Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1859 and rector of the college in 1884. A witty and fluent speaker both in Latin and in English, he acquired a great reputation as public orator to the university, a post he held from 1880 down to the time of his death. He published editions of many of the plays of Aristophanes (1879–1900), as well as an edition of Homer's Odyssey (1870–8) and Selected Fragments of Roman Poetry (1891). He died at Oxford March 5 1918.

 MERSEY, JOHN CHARLES BIGHAM, (1840-  ), English judge, was born at Liverpool, Aug. 3 1840, and was educated at the Liverpool Institute and later at Berlin and Paris. He was called to the bar in 1870, was made a Q.C. in 1883, and became leader of the northern circuit. He entered the House of Commons in 1895 as Unionist member for the Exchange division of Liverpool, but lost his seat in 1897. In the same year he was raised to the bench and knighted. In 1902 he was president of the Royal Commission for the revision of the South African martial law sentences, and from 1904 to 1908 president of the railway and canal commission. From 1904 to 1910 he was chief judge in bankruptcy, and in 1909 became president of the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty division of the High Court, and was made a privy councillor. In 1910 he was raised to the peerage. He was recognized as one of the highest authorities on Admiralty and shipping questions, and in 1912 became wreck commissioner, being the same year president of the commission which investigated the loss of the “Titanic.” He presided in 1913 over the conference on the safety of life at sea, and in 1914 over the commission of inquiry into the loss of the “Empress of Ireland.” On the outbreak of the World War Lord Mersey's wide experience and knowledge were recognized by his appointment as head of the Admiralty transport arbitration board, and in 1915 he investigated the circumstances