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" Expedition du Mexique, 1862-3." Ribbon: white with two diag- onal stripes of red and green. In the centre a brown eagle and a green snake.

(5) Tonkin Medal 1883-93. Instituted in 1885 and granted to all those who took part in operations in French China and neigh- bouring states between 1883-93. Obverse: female head of the Republic. Reverse: the legend "Tonkin, Chine, Annam, 1883- 1885 " and an inscription " Santay," " Bac-Ninh," " Fou-Tcheou," " Formose," " Tuyen-Quan," " Pescadores." The naval medal also bears the inscription " Cau-Giai " in addition. Ribbon: yellow, with broad green stripes.

(6) Madagascar Medal. A silver medal first granted in 1886 to those who took part in the Madagascar campaign of 1885. Obverse: female head of the Republic. Reverse: the words " Mada- gascar 1885-1886." A second medal, similar in design but with the date 1895 on the reverse, was given for the campaign of 1894-5. Those in possession of the first medal were granted a bar only with the date. Ribbon: pale blue and green horizontal stripes.

(7) Dahomey^ Medal. A silver medal granted in 1892 to those who took part in the Dahomey and Sudan campaigns in previous vears. Obverse : female head of the Republic. Reverse : the word

Dahomey." Ribbon: yellow with four broad maroon stripes.

(8) Colonial Medal /Spj. A silver medal instituted in 1893 and granted to all who tpok part in operations in French colonies and protectorates. It is the counterpart of the British general service medals. Obverse: female head of the Republic. Reverse: the terrestrial^ globe on a trophy of flags with the words " Medaille Coloniale." A bar is always worn on the ribbon supporting the

-medal, showing the service for which it was awarded. Four gold and numerous silver bars have been issued. Ribbon: pale blue with a broad white stripe in the centre and a narrow one at each end.

(9) Morocco Medal 1909. A silver medal granted in 1909 as a general service medal for operations in Morocco. Obverse: female hea'd of the Republic. Reverse: a military design with the word

Maroc." Numerous bars have been awarded. Ribbon : green with a broad white stripe in the centre and a narrow one at each end.

(10) Medal for War of 1870-71. A bronze medal awarded in 1911 to all survivors of the war 1870-1. Obverse: the usual head of the Republic. Reverse : a trophy of arms surmounted by a standard ; on a plaque the words " AUK Defenseurs de la Patrie." At the top the date 1870-1871. Volunteers who served with the army and navy during the war received in addition a silver bar inscribed "Engage Volontaire." Ribbon: dark green with four black stripes.

(11) The World War of 1914-8 was commemorated by the issue of the Victory Medal previously described. The conditions of award differ somewhat to-those of other countries, it being granted only to various grades of military personnel, nursing sisters and others who served for a minimum period of three months at the front. Naval personnel are also eligible for this medal.

Italy has issued various war medals to commemorate her cam- paigns, chief among which may be mentioned the Garibaldi Medal of i860, the Africa War Medal of 1894, the China Medal of 1900-1 and the Libyan War Medal of 1911. The World War is commemorated by the Italian issue of the Victory Medal.

Japan. The principal commemorative medals are: (i) Medal for Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5. This medal is of light bronze. Obverse: crossed naval and military flags with the Imperial cypher between them. On the reverse a wreath. (2) Medal for war against Germany 1914-8. This medal is of almost black bronze and the design is very similar to that of the previous medal. Ribbon : dark blue with a broad white stripe in the centre. It is awarded to all naval and military personnel who served during the war. (3) The Japanese Victory Medal; also awarded for the war 1914-8 but confined to naval and military personnel who actually took part in active operations against the enemy.

IV. BRITISH PERSONAL DECORATIONS

Although all war medals are awarded in a sense individually and personally, it is convenient to regard as personal in a more limited sense an award to an individual either of a " decoration " or of membership of an order, for special acts of gallantry or devotion, and for distinguished and meritorious services per- formed by him or her.

In 15.851 the principal British orders of knighthood are treated as such. In their other aspect, as rewards for service, they are here assimilated to " decorations," which are awards which do not imply membership of an association. This is because, in fact, the majority of orders are now constituted on a service basis; that is, membership is limited to those who have acquired a claim to it by service, and is itself the reward of that service. Its badges and distinctions are de facto decorations.

In the World War, appointments to the orders of the Bath, St. Michael and St. George, the Indian Empire, and the Star of India, which had long been essentially service orders, were made in all classes on an enlarged scale, corresponding to the

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wide extension which State service, both military and civil, assumed. The same applies to the Distinguished Service Order.'

During the war itself two new orders were founded, that of the Companions of Honour, and that of the British Empire. Between 1910 and 1914 the following decorations were founded:

The Indian Distinguished Service Medal, 1907. Instituted in 1907 for rewarding distinguished service in the field of Indian com- missioned and non-commissioned officers and men of the Indian regular forces, the reserve of the Indian army, border militia and levies, military police and imperial service troops employed under the Indian Government. In 1917 the grant of the medal was extended to Indian non-combatants engaged on field service and the issue of clasps authorized. Obverse: the effigy of the reigning sovereign. Reverse: a laurel wreath with the words " For Distin- guished Service." Ribbon: blue with a maroon centre.

The Egyptian Medal for Bravery, 1913. A silver medal established in 1913 by the Khedive. Awarded to non-commissioned officers and men of the Egyptian army who distinguish themselves in action. It is equivalent to the British Distinguished Conduct Medal. Obverse: the cypher of the Khedive. Reverse: the words " For Bravery " in English and Arabic. Ribbon : light blue unwatered.

It is convenient here to state the changes which took place after 1910 in decorations already existing.

The Victoria Cross. Native officers and men of the Indian army were made eligible for the award of the V.C. in 1912. Previously they had only been eligible for the Indian Order of Merit for gallant deeds in action. In 1918 the blue ribbon of the naval V.C. was abolished and the red ribbon made universal for the navy, army, and R.A.F. ; and in undress and service dress uniform a miniature of the decoration was authorized to be worn on the ribbon.

A gratuity of 20 on discharge or an addition to pension of 6d. per diem is now given to N.C.O.'s and men who have been awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal.

In Oct. 1914, the name of the Conspicuous Service Cross was altered to the Distinguished Service Cross, and its award was extended to all naval and marine officers below the relative rank of lieutenant- commander, for meritorious or distinguished services which may not be sufficient to warrant the appointment of such officers to the Distinguished Service Order. Bars were also awarded.

In 1915, a second class of the order of the Royal Red Cross was instituted, and the award of both classes was restricted to those who were actually engaged in nursing duties. The award of a bar to the first class was authorized in 1917. The cross of the first class is of gold, pattee convexed, enamelled red, edged with gold, having on the arms the words Faith, Hope, Charity, and the date 1883. In the centre, in relief, is the royal effigy. Reverse: the royal and imperial crown and cypher. The cross of the second class is of the same shape and size, but is of frosted silver and has superimposed upon it a Maltese cross enamelled red, of about half the size of the cross itself ; in the centre, in relief, the royal effigy.

The Territorial Officers' Decoration is awarded to officers of the Territorial Force who have completed 20 years' commissioned service in that force, or in its predecessor, the Volunteer Force, and are recommended for the award. It is an oval wreath of silver having in its centre the royal cypher in silver-gilt. The ribbon is green with a broad yellow centre. The period of war service is, under certain con- ditions, credited as double for the award. The Territorial Force Efficiency Medal was established as a reward for efficient service for other ranks ; it is the equivalent of the former volunteer long-serv- ice medal, the higher efficiency requirements of the Territorial Force being recognized by a reduction in the period of qualifying service from 20 years to 12. The ribbon of this medal, originally similar to that of the T.D. but narrower, was later altered to one of green with yellow edges.

The ribbons of the Long Service and Good Conduct (Army) medal and the Meritorious Service Medal^ were in 1916 changed to crimson with white edges, in order to distinguish them from that of the Victoria Cross. A further change in 1918 was the addition of a central white stripe to the Meritorious Service Medal to distinguish it from the Long Service Medal. In 1916 the award of the Meritorious Service Medal was extended to all ranks below sergeant.

In 1917 the designations of the Albert medals (sea and land) of the first and second class were altered respectively to " The Albert Medal in Gold " and " The Albert Medal."

The orders and decorations newly founded in the World War period are as follows:

The Order of the Companions of Honour was instituted in Tune 1917 and consists of the sovereign and one class of members. Not more than 50 persons, men or women who have rendered distinguished service of national importance, are admitted. The badge of the order is oval-shaped, consisting of a gold medallion with an oak tree; hanging from one branch is a shield of the royal arms, and on the right an armed knight in full armour, mounted on a horse. The badge has a blue border with the motto " In action faithful and in honour clear " in gold letters and is surmounted by the imperial crown. The ribbon is carmine with borders of gold thread.