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886 Africa. As brigade-major of the Guards Brigade there he took part in Lord Roberts' advance from Cape Colony to Bloemfon- tein, in the advance to Pretoria, and in the subsequent advance by Belfast to Komati Poort. The brigade moved to the Orange river in the latter part of 1900, and Maude was for some time on the staff in that region before proceeding, early in 1901, to Canada as military secretary to the governor-general. For his services in South Africa he was given the D.S.O. He remained in Canada till 1895, receiving the C.M.G., and then returned to regimental and staff service at home. He took an active part as a lieutenant-colonel on the staff, in the development of the organization and training of the new Territorial Force. He was appointed to the War Office in 1909 as a full colonel, and was transferred to the staff of the 3rd Division at the Curragh in 1912, but was recalled to the War Office early in 1914 and, on mobilization in Aug., was posted to the staff of the III. Army Corps. He served with his corps on the Aisne and during its transfer north to Flanders, and then commanded the I4th Brigade with signal success until June 1915, having been wounded and given the C.B. in April. Promoted major-general for distin- guished service, he was hurried out to the Dardanelles in Aug. to take up command of the I3th Division. There he played a conspicuous part in the successful evacuations of Suvla and of Helles, and on its being decided early in 1916 to dispatch a British division from Egypt to Mesopotamia to aid in the relief of Kut, his was chosen. They arrived in time to bear a share in the final desperate endeavours to save the doomed stronghold but the effort came to naught and after the surrender of Kut, Maude and his division remained facing the Turks on the Tigris. He had shown himself to be a skilful and resolute leader of men and was in July appointed commander of the army corps consti- tuting the forces at the front, to be advanced in Sept. to the position of army-commander in Mesopotamia.

Realizing that victory in this theatre of war must hinge on effective organization and adequate preparation, Maude, who had been given the K.C.B., spent three months at Basrah, en- suring that when the time came his field army should be capable of acting with vigour and decision. Then, when all was ready early in Dec., he suddenly pushed forward and within a few weeks had driven the Turks in confusion out of their entrenched camp around Kut. Moving relentlessly on and making great captures he occupied Bagdad March n. This memorable achievement he followed up by trenchant operations, which rapidly secured him a considerable area around the city and in- flicted a succession of damaging strokes against the enemy, so that by May his forces could settle down in security for the hot weather. He was rewarded by promotion to lieutenant-general.

His genius for administration and grasp of military require- ments were constantly in evidence during the ensuing summer. While interesting himself closely in the welfare of his troops and assuring his communications with the Persian Gulf, he was fram- ing plans for a fresh offensive as soon as the season should be- come suitable. This had, however, only just made a promising commencement when, to the consternation of his army, over which he had gained a remarkable personal ascendancy* he was struck down by cholera and died at Bagdad Nov. 18 1917. His record since 1914 had been that of a great soldier. As a brigadier and divisional c&mmander he had won to an unusual extent the confidence of superiors and subordinates. As an army commander, operating in a region that offered extraor- dinary difficulties to the conduct of warfare on a great scale, he had made strategy and administration move hand in hand and had framed and carried into execution plans of campaign at once comprehensive, judicious and bold. His conquest of Mesopotamia and his transformation of a depressing situation into one of signal triumph ranks as one of the finest feats in modern military history.

See Life by Maj.-Gen. Sir C. E. Callwell (1920). MAUDSLEY, HENRY (1835-1918), English physiologist, was born at Thorne, near Settle, Yorks., Feb. 5 1835- He was educated at Giggleswick and at University College hospital, London, taking his M.D. degree in 1857. From 1862 to 1878 he edited the Journal of Mental Science, and from 1869 to 1879 he was professor of medical jurisprudence in University College, Lon- don. Amongst his published works were Responsibility in Mental Disease (1874); Physiology of Mind (1876); Pathology of Mind (1879); Body and Will (1883); Life in Mind and Conduct (1902) ; Organic to Human (1916). The views expressed in all his writings were those of medical materialism. In 1908 he gave a sum of 30,000 to the London County Council Asylums Com- mittee to be devoted to the study of mental science. He died at Bushey Heath, Herts., Jan. 23 1918. MAUNOURY, MICHEL JOSEPH (1847- French general, was born at Maintenon (Eure-et-Loir) Dec. n 1847. His family, long established on the soil, is said to have given devoted assistance to Pasteur in his researches on animal chemistry. Entering the Ecole Polytechnique in 1867, and commissioned to the artillery in 1869, he took part in the war of 1870, and at the battle of Champigny he won the Legion of Honour. In 1874 he became captain, in 1881 he entered the staff college, and in 1883 was appointed to the staff of St. Cyr. In 1897 he became colonel, in 1901 general of brigade and in 1906 general of division. His career had been unusually varied; in addition to regimental service in all ranks of the artillery, both field and fortress, he had served on the technical artillery committee, the powders committee, and the military education commission, and had been deputy chief of the general staff at the War Office and director of the Ecole de Guerre. Lastly, as a corps commander he had been placed at the head of the famous frontier corps, the XX., stationed at Nancy. He retired in 1912 on reaching the age limit, his last appointment being as military governor of Paris and a member of the Conseil Superieur de la Guerre, formed of generals designated for army commands in war.

Shortly after mobilization in Aug. 1914 he was recalled to the active list, and appointed, practically on the field of battle, to command the improvised " Army of Lorraine," with which he won the battle of Aug. 25 on the Othain line a remarkable success in the midst of disaster. But his pursuit of the Germans was stopped by the break-up of his army on the evening of victory. Maunoury himself and certain of his units, reinforced by others, were dispatched to the region of Montdidier-Amiens, and became the VI. Army, which, remaining outside the sweep of the German advance, found itself on Sept. 4 in the positions N.E. of Paris from which it was launched against the flank of von Kluck's I. Army. In the battle of the Marne the duel of Maunoury and von Kluck was the turning-point. Maunoury continued to command the army during the development of the Aisne line of battle towards the sea, and in the first phases of trench warfare. But on March 15 1915 he was severely wounded, and subsequently had no active command. From Nov. 1915 to March 1916 he was governor of Paris. MAURITIUS (see 17.912). At the 1911 census the pop. (exclusive of the dependencies of the colony) was 370,393, of whom 222,361 were Indo-Mauritians, that is descendants of Indian immigrants. There were 35,526 other Indians and 3,662 Chinese. The " general population," i.e. persons of European, African or mixed descent, numbered 108,844. There was a decrease of 2,232 inhabitants compared with the 1901 census, the first decrease recorded since the 1841 census. In Jan. 1920 the estimated pop. was 364,493. This was a decrease of 12,320 compared with the previous year, a result largely attributed to an epidemic of influenza in May-July 1919, which caused the death of over 11,000 persons. Port Louis, the capital, had 50,060 inhabitants in 1911.

The period 1910-20 was one of marked prosperity in Mauri- tius, and also of continued dependence on one crop sugar. The official report for 1911 recorded that the sugar crop of 1909-10 was the largest and most valuable, and .the revenue higher than in any previous year; the official report for 1919 again recorded an increase in the volume of trade unprecedented in the history of the colony and a revenue also in excess of that received in any previous year.

The following figures give particulars of trade, revenue and shipping for 1910, 1915 and 1919. The currency is in rupees.