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Rh education rapid progress in the decade 1909-19 is shown by the following statistics:

1919

1909

Schouio in which vocations were taught Occupations in which instruction was given Enrolment in vocational classes. Cost of vocational training ....

107 50 2,500 $881,000

b

4 1,400 $5,000

Another significant development was in university extension. The department has carried on its work by correspondence instruction, class instruction, and Americanization classes. In the period Dec. I 1919 to Nov. 20 1920 6,188 students were receiving instruction by correspondence, 15,520 were registered in adult immigrant classes and 23,720 in other extension classes. In 1911 the Teachers' Regis- tration Bureau was established, a free agency which has proved very successful ; three years later a retirement system was put into opera- tion, with membership compulsory, and provision for retirement at 60 years of age under certain conditions or by compulsion at 70. In 1920 the salaries of superintendents in superintendency unions (two or more towns employing one superintendent) was fixed at a minimum of $2,250, with certain reimbursements by the state and allowances for travelling. The Legislature of 1921 made several notable changes, among which are the following: state aid to high schools in towns of less than 500 families was increased from $500 per school to $250 per teacher. Transportation is compulsory from towns where there is no high school, with provisions for state reimbursement.

The State Department may now grant the degree of Bachelor of Education to any person completing a four-year course in a state normal school one school giving it in the commercial course only, one in household arts, one in art and two in regular courses. In 1920 over $1,000,000 was spent for normal schools and teachers' training. Pupils from 14 to 16 years of age must have completed the require- ments of the sixth grade before being certified for employment. Public-school teachers and superintendents have the right to a hearing before the school committee, accompanied by a witness, before dismissal from service. Every town with a valuation of over $1,000,000 must employ a school nurse. Indoor and outdoor games and athletic exercises are aho required. Regular public-school teachers cannot be paid less than $750 a year. Reimbursements to small towns and cities are provided, with special arrangements for those of low valuation, enabling them to have good teachers.

Finance. The receipts of the state in 1909 were approximately $14,700,000 and those in 1920 approximately $47,350,000, or more than three times as much. These figures represent receipts for rev- enue purposes only and do not include receipts from the issue of bonds or notes. The payments in 1909 were about $17,100,000 and in 1920 about $52,900,000. The-e represent governmental cost and include no payments of money borrowed. In 1919 the funded debt of the state was $126,555,662 and the total debt $129,404,091.

Road-building. During 1920 nearly 122 m. of highway was constructed, as well as 22 m. commenced but not completed. Of this, 39 m. was gravel, 38 m. of bituminous macadam, 16 m. of cement concrete, 4 m. of sand and asphalt mixed, and 5 m. water- bound macadam with bituminous surface treatment. Of state high- way 27 m. was. surfaced, 14 m. widened and resurfaced. Some roads were being constructed 20 ft. wide instead of 18 feet. Much was under construction in 1921 with $6,000,000 more to be spent. The total length of state highways at the end of 1919 was 1,311 m. and the amount spent on roads in that year was about $1,610,200.

Banking. The resources in 1919 of the national banks within the state were $1,003,945,000. There were 634 banking institutions and agents under state law, with resources of $2,488,606,935, divided as follows: 196 savings banks, $1,215,244,815; 105 trjst companies, $1,076,214,436; 190 cooperative banks, $154,879,638; three savings and loan associations, $2,399,791; Mass. Hospital Life Insurance Co., $30,918,328; one foreign banking corporation, $1,838,749; 60 credit unions, $2,791,165; 77 steamship agents receiving deposits of fe>!87,5o6; one state bank, $1,132,507.

History. During the decade 1910-20 the most important laws enacted by the Legislature were the following: In 1912 a minimum-wage board was established with the right to deter- mine wages of women and children. The inheritance law was amended so that only the real estate of a deceased non-resident is taxed, personal property taxes going to the state of residence. A 1913 law provided for the establishment and maintenance of continuation schools and instruction for working-children. A number of pure-food laws were enacted; also, a law providing for mothers' pensions. Laws relating to elections were so amended that on application signed by 1,200 voters in any senatorial district, or by 200 voters in any representative district, asking for the submission to the voters of any question of instruction to senators or representatives, the Secretary of the Commonwealth shall determine if such a question is one of public policy, and, if so determined, he shall place such question on the official ballot

to be used at the next state election. Women voters were given the right of voting for candidates for school committees in 1881. In 1914 a measure was passed submitting to the people a constitutional amendment giving suffrage to women, suffrage being finally granted June 25 1919. In 1916 the civil and criminal jurisdiction of district or municipal courts was extended so that their process runs throughout the state and makes them courts of superior and general jurisdiction. An income tax was enacted. A new law to prevent misstatements in advertising went into effect May 25. An Act forbidding the sale of narcotic drugs, except by prescriptions carefully regulated, was passed in 1917. Massachusetts in 1918 ratified the Federal Prohibition amend- ment, being the nth state to do this. That same year a budget system was adopted, also commissions were created to investi- gate the educational system of the state. The Legislature in 1919 made absentee-voting possible for those in military or naval service and others who make proper arrangements. It also passed a law making all Acts approved by the executive, unless subject to referendum, take effect 30 days after formal enactment. Emergency laws take effect upon passage. The maximum amount of deposit in savings banks was raised to $4,000. Manu- facturing corporations can provide for representation of their employees upon the board of directors if more than half the employees so decide by secret ballot. Industrial accident com- pensation was increased. The income tax was revised. An Act reorganizing the executive and administrative functions of the state Government, approved July 23 1919, established many new departments, and a metropolitan district commission was authorized, with general supervision over the metropolitan area. The Legislature of 1920 passed a law proviJing for a state con- stabulary. Motion-pictures within the state were censored. Women were allowed to hold office. Suits were permitted by and against voluntary associations. Important " blue sky " legisla- tion was enacted.

During the World War many emergency measures were passed by the Legislature. The subscriptions to the Liberty Loans were as follows: first, $177,236,400; second, $317,799,250; third, $228,329,750; fourth, $405,257,500; and to the Victory Loan, $252,767,450. Approximately 200,000 men were enlisted in the service of the Federal Government.

The governors for the decade were: Eugene M. Foss (Dem.), 1911-4; David I. Walsh (Dem.), 1914-6; Samuel W. McCall (Rep.), 1916-9; Calvin D.Coolidge (Rep.), 1910-20; and Chan- ning H. Cox (Rep.), 1920-. The opening on July 29 1914 of a canal across Cape Cod shortened by 70 m. the distance by water from New York to Boston. (F. A. CL.) MASSENET, JULES EMILE FREDERIC (1842-1912), French composer (see 17.866), died in Paris Aug. 13 1912, having completed an opera, Panurge, just before his death. MASSEY, WILLIAM FERGUSON (1856- ), New Zealand statesman, was born at Limavady, co. Deny, Ireland, on March 26 1856, the son of John and Marian (nee Ferguson) Massey. He was educated at the national school and secondary school at Londonderry, and went to New Zealand in 1870 to join his parents who were among the Nonconformist settlers of 1862. Settling at Mangere, near Auckland, he became a farmer, and after serving an apprenticeship in local government entered Parliament as member for Waitemata in 1894. At the general election of 1896 he was elected for Franklin, and he has held that seat ever since. From 1895 to 1903 he served as Chief Opposition Whip in the House of Representatives. During those eight years Seddon was at the height of his power and the fortunes of the Opposition were at their lowest ebb. For about half this period the party was without a leader, but the courage and faith of the Chief Whip held the party together, and in 1903 he was elected leader. Mr. Massey's chance came after the general election of 1911, which gave the Reform party, as it was now called, a small majority. After serving for 18 years in the Opposition, and without holding any intermediate office, Mr. Massey became Prime Minister on July 10 1912.

His first Cabinet held office for three years, the last of which was the first year of the World War. In Aug. 1915, the general